/*
 * Builtin "git am"
 *
 * Based on git-am.sh by Junio C Hamano.
 */
#include "cache.h"
#include "builtin.h"
#include "exec_cmd.h"
#include "parse-options.h"
#include "dir.h"
#include "run-command.h"
#include "quote.h"
#include "tempfile.h"
#include "lockfile.h"
#include "cache-tree.h"
#include "refs.h"
#include "commit.h"
#include "diff.h"
#include "diffcore.h"
#include "unpack-trees.h"
#include "branch.h"
#include "sequencer.h"
#include "revision.h"
#include "merge-recursive.h"
#include "revision.h"
#include "log-tree.h"
#include "notes-utils.h"
#include "rerere.h"
#include "prompt.h"
#include "mailinfo.h"
#include "apply.h"
#include "string-list.h"

/**
 * Returns 1 if the file is empty or does not exist, 0 otherwise.
 */
static int is_empty_file(const char *filename)
{
        struct stat st;

        if (stat(filename, &st) < 0) {
                if (errno == ENOENT)
                        return 1;
                die_errno(_("could not stat %s"), filename);
        }

        return !st.st_size;
}

/**
 * Returns the length of the first line of msg.
 */
static int linelen(const char *msg)
{
        return strchrnul(msg, '\n') - msg;
}

/**
 * Returns true if `str` consists of only whitespace, false otherwise.
 */
static int str_isspace(const char *str)
{
        for (; *str; str++)
                if (!isspace(*str))
                        return 0;

        return 1;
}

enum patch_format {
        PATCH_FORMAT_UNKNOWN = 0,
        PATCH_FORMAT_MBOX,
        PATCH_FORMAT_STGIT,
        PATCH_FORMAT_STGIT_SERIES,
        PATCH_FORMAT_HG,
        PATCH_FORMAT_MBOXRD
};

enum keep_type {
        KEEP_FALSE = 0,
        KEEP_TRUE,      /* pass -k flag to git-mailinfo */
        KEEP_NON_PATCH  /* pass -b flag to git-mailinfo */
};

enum scissors_type {
        SCISSORS_UNSET = -1,
        SCISSORS_FALSE = 0,  /* pass --no-scissors to git-mailinfo */
        SCISSORS_TRUE        /* pass --scissors to git-mailinfo */
};

enum signoff_type {
        SIGNOFF_FALSE = 0,
        SIGNOFF_TRUE = 1,
        SIGNOFF_EXPLICIT /* --signoff was set on the command-line */
};

struct am_state {
        /* state directory path */
        char *dir;

        /* current and last patch numbers, 1-indexed */
        int cur;
        int last;

        /* commit metadata and message */
        char *author_name;
        char *author_email;
        char *author_date;
        char *msg;
        size_t msg_len;

        /* when --rebasing, records the original commit the patch came from */
        struct object_id orig_commit;

        /* number of digits in patch filename */
        int prec;

        /* various operating modes and command line options */
        int interactive;
        int threeway;
        int quiet;
        int signoff; /* enum signoff_type */
        int utf8;
        int keep; /* enum keep_type */
        int message_id;
        int scissors; /* enum scissors_type */
        struct argv_array git_apply_opts;
        const char *resolvemsg;
        int committer_date_is_author_date;
        int ignore_date;
        int allow_rerere_autoupdate;
        const char *sign_commit;
        int rebasing;
};

/**
 * Initializes am_state with the default values. The state directory is set to
 * dir.
 */
static void am_state_init(struct am_state *state, const char *dir)
{
        int gpgsign;

        memset(state, 0, sizeof(*state));

        assert(dir);
        state->dir = xstrdup(dir);

        state->prec = 4;

        git_config_get_bool("am.threeway", &state->threeway);

        state->utf8 = 1;

        git_config_get_bool("am.messageid", &state->message_id);

        state->scissors = SCISSORS_UNSET;

        argv_array_init(&state->git_apply_opts);

        if (!git_config_get_bool("commit.gpgsign", &gpgsign))
                state->sign_commit = gpgsign ? "" : NULL;
}

/**
 * Releases memory allocated by an am_state.
 */
static void am_state_release(struct am_state *state)
{
        free(state->dir);
        free(state->author_name);
        free(state->author_email);
        free(state->author_date);
        free(state->msg);
        argv_array_clear(&state->git_apply_opts);
}

/**
 * Returns path relative to the am_state directory.
 */
static inline const char *am_path(const struct am_state *state, const char *path)
{
        return mkpath("%s/%s", state->dir, path);
}

/**
 * For convenience to call write_file()
 */
static void write_state_text(const struct am_state *state,
                             const char *name, const char *string)
{
        write_file(am_path(state, name), "%s", string);
}

static void write_state_count(const struct am_state *state,
                              const char *name, int value)
{
        write_file(am_path(state, name), "%d", value);
}

static void write_state_bool(const struct am_state *state,
                             const char *name, int value)
{
        write_state_text(state, name, value ? "t" : "f");
}

/**
 * If state->quiet is false, calls fprintf(fp, fmt, ...), and appends a newline
 * at the end.
 */
static void say(const struct am_state *state, FILE *fp, const char *fmt, ...)
{
        va_list ap;

        va_start(ap, fmt);
        if (!state->quiet) {
                vfprintf(fp, fmt, ap);
                putc('\n', fp);
        }
        va_end(ap);
}

/**
 * Returns 1 if there is an am session in progress, 0 otherwise.
 */
static int am_in_progress(const struct am_state *state)
{
        struct stat st;

        if (lstat(state->dir, &st) < 0 || !S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
                return 0;
        if (lstat(am_path(state, "last"), &st) || !S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
                return 0;
        if (lstat(am_path(state, "next"), &st) || !S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
                return 0;
        return 1;
}

/**
 * Reads the contents of `file` in the `state` directory into `sb`. Returns the
 * number of bytes read on success, -1 if the file does not exist. If `trim` is
 * set, trailing whitespace will be removed.
 */
static int read_state_file(struct strbuf *sb, const struct am_state *state,
                        const char *file, int trim)
{
        strbuf_reset(sb);

        if (strbuf_read_file(sb, am_path(state, file), 0) >= 0) {
                if (trim)
                        strbuf_trim(sb);

                return sb->len;
        }

        if (errno == ENOENT)
                return -1;

        die_errno(_("could not read '%s'"), am_path(state, file));
}

/**
 * Take a series of KEY='VALUE' lines where VALUE part is
 * sq-quoted, and append <KEY, VALUE> at the end of the string list
 */
static int parse_key_value_squoted(char *buf, struct string_list *list)
{
        while (*buf) {
                struct string_list_item *item;
                char *np;
                char *cp = strchr(buf, '=');
                if (!cp)
                        return -1;
                np = strchrnul(cp, '\n');
                *cp++ = '\0';
                item = string_list_append(list, buf);

                buf = np + (*np == '\n');
                *np = '\0';
                cp = sq_dequote(cp);
                if (!cp)
                        return -1;
                item->util = xstrdup(cp);
        }
        return 0;
}

/**
 * Reads and parses the state directory's "author-script" file, and sets
 * state->author_name, state->author_email and state->author_date accordingly.
 * Returns 0 on success, -1 if the file could not be parsed.
 *
 * The author script is of the format:
 *
 *      GIT_AUTHOR_NAME='$author_name'
 *      GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL='$author_email'
 *      GIT_AUTHOR_DATE='$author_date'
 *
 * where $author_name, $author_email and $author_date are quoted. We are strict
 * with our parsing, as the file was meant to be eval'd in the old git-am.sh
 * script, and thus if the file differs from what this function expects, it is
 * better to bail out than to do something that the user does not expect.
 */
static int read_author_script(struct am_state *state)
{
        const char *filename = am_path(state, "author-script");
        struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
        struct string_list kv = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
        int retval = -1; /* assume failure */
        int fd;

        assert(!state->author_name);
        assert(!state->author_email);
        assert(!state->author_date);

        fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
        if (fd < 0) {
                if (errno == ENOENT)
                        return 0;
                die_errno(_("could not open '%s' for reading"), filename);
        }
        strbuf_read(&buf, fd, 0);
        close(fd);
        if (parse_key_value_squoted(buf.buf, &kv))
                goto finish;

        if (kv.nr != 3 ||
            strcmp(kv.items[0].string, "GIT_AUTHOR_NAME") ||
            strcmp(kv.items[1].string, "GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL") ||
            strcmp(kv.items[2].string, "GIT_AUTHOR_DATE"))
                goto finish;
        state->author_name = kv.items[0].util;
        state->author_email = kv.items[1].util;
        state->author_date = kv.items[2].util;
        retval = 0;
finish:
        string_list_clear(&kv, !!retval);
        strbuf_release(&buf);
        return retval;
}

/**
 * Saves state->author_name, state->author_email and state->author_date in the
 * state directory's "author-script" file.
 */
static void write_author_script(const struct am_state *state)
{
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

        strbuf_addstr(&sb, "GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=");
        sq_quote_buf(&sb, state->author_name);
        strbuf_addch(&sb, '\n');

        strbuf_addstr(&sb, "GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL=");
        sq_quote_buf(&sb, state->author_email);
        strbuf_addch(&sb, '\n');

        strbuf_addstr(&sb, "GIT_AUTHOR_DATE=");
        sq_quote_buf(&sb, state->author_date);
        strbuf_addch(&sb, '\n');

        write_state_text(state, "author-script", sb.buf);

        strbuf_release(&sb);
}

/**
 * Reads the commit message from the state directory's "final-commit" file,
 * setting state->msg to its contents and state->msg_len to the length of its
 * contents in bytes.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success, -1 if the file does not exist.
 */
static int read_commit_msg(struct am_state *state)
{
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

        assert(!state->msg);

        if (read_state_file(&sb, state, "final-commit", 0) < 0) {
                strbuf_release(&sb);
                return -1;
        }

        state->msg = strbuf_detach(&sb, &state->msg_len);
        return 0;
}

/**
 * Saves state->msg in the state directory's "final-commit" file.
 */
static void write_commit_msg(const struct am_state *state)
{
        const char *filename = am_path(state, "final-commit");
        write_file_buf(filename, state->msg, state->msg_len);
}

/**
 * Loads state from disk.
 */
static void am_load(struct am_state *state)
{
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

        if (read_state_file(&sb, state, "next", 1) < 0)
                die("BUG: state file 'next' does not exist");
        state->cur = strtol(sb.buf, NULL, 10);

        if (read_state_file(&sb, state, "last", 1) < 0)
                die("BUG: state file 'last' does not exist");
        state->last = strtol(sb.buf, NULL, 10);

        if (read_author_script(state) < 0)
                die(_("could not parse author script"));

        read_commit_msg(state);

        if (read_state_file(&sb, state, "original-commit", 1) < 0)
                oidclr(&state->orig_commit);
        else if (get_oid_hex(sb.buf, &state->orig_commit) < 0)
                die(_("could not parse %s"), am_path(state, "original-commit"));

        read_state_file(&sb, state, "threeway", 1);
        state->threeway = !strcmp(sb.buf, "t");

        read_state_file(&sb, state, "quiet", 1);
        state->quiet = !strcmp(sb.buf, "t");

        read_state_file(&sb, state, "sign", 1);
        state->signoff = !strcmp(sb.buf, "t");

        read_state_file(&sb, state, "utf8", 1);
        state->utf8 = !strcmp(sb.buf, "t");

        read_state_file(&sb, state, "keep", 1);
        if (!strcmp(sb.buf, "t"))
                state->keep = KEEP_TRUE;
        else if (!strcmp(sb.buf, "b"))
                state->keep = KEEP_NON_PATCH;
        else
                state->keep = KEEP_FALSE;

        read_state_file(&sb, state, "messageid", 1);
        state->message_id = !strcmp(sb.buf, "t");

        read_state_file(&sb, state, "scissors", 1);
        if (!strcmp(sb.buf, "t"))
                state->scissors = SCISSORS_TRUE;
        else if (!strcmp(sb.buf, "f"))
                state->scissors = SCISSORS_FALSE;
        else
                state->scissors = SCISSORS_UNSET;

        read_state_file(&sb, state, "apply-opt", 1);
        argv_array_clear(&state->git_apply_opts);
        if (sq_dequote_to_argv_array(sb.buf, &state->git_apply_opts) < 0)
                die(_("could not parse %s"), am_path(state, "apply-opt"));

        state->rebasing = !!file_exists(am_path(state, "rebasing"));

        strbuf_release(&sb);
}

/**
 * Removes the am_state directory, forcefully terminating the current am
 * session.
 */
static void am_destroy(const struct am_state *state)
{
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

        strbuf_addstr(&sb, state->dir);
        remove_dir_recursively(&sb, 0);
        strbuf_release(&sb);
}

/**
 * Runs applypatch-msg hook. Returns its exit code.
 */
static int run_applypatch_msg_hook(struct am_state *state)
{
        int ret;

        assert(state->msg);
        ret = run_hook_le(NULL, "applypatch-msg", am_path(state, "final-commit"), NULL);

        if (!ret) {
                free(state->msg);
                state->msg = NULL;
                if (read_commit_msg(state) < 0)
                        die(_("'%s' was deleted by the applypatch-msg hook"),
                                am_path(state, "final-commit"));
        }

        return ret;
}

/**
 * Runs post-rewrite hook. Returns it exit code.
 */
static int run_post_rewrite_hook(const struct am_state *state)
{
        struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
        const char *hook = find_hook("post-rewrite");
        int ret;

        if (!hook)
                return 0;

        argv_array_push(&cp.args, hook);
        argv_array_push(&cp.args, "rebase");

        cp.in = xopen(am_path(state, "rewritten"), O_RDONLY);
        cp.stdout_to_stderr = 1;

        ret = run_command(&cp);

        close(cp.in);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * Reads the state directory's "rewritten" file, and copies notes from the old
 * commits listed in the file to their rewritten commits.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
 */
static int copy_notes_for_rebase(const struct am_state *state)
{
        struct notes_rewrite_cfg *c;
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
        const char *invalid_line = _("Malformed input line: '%s'.");
        const char *msg = "Notes added by 'git rebase'";
        FILE *fp;
        int ret = 0;

        assert(state->rebasing);

        c = init_copy_notes_for_rewrite("rebase");
        if (!c)
                return 0;

        fp = xfopen(am_path(state, "rewritten"), "r");

        while (!strbuf_getline_lf(&sb, fp)) {
                struct object_id from_obj, to_obj;

                if (sb.len != GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ * 2 + 1) {
                        ret = error(invalid_line, sb.buf);
                        goto finish;
                }

                if (get_oid_hex(sb.buf, &from_obj)) {
                        ret = error(invalid_line, sb.buf);
                        goto finish;
                }

                if (sb.buf[GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ] != ' ') {
                        ret = error(invalid_line, sb.buf);
                        goto finish;
                }

                if (get_oid_hex(sb.buf + GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ + 1, &to_obj)) {
                        ret = error(invalid_line, sb.buf);
                        goto finish;
                }

                if (copy_note_for_rewrite(c, from_obj.hash, to_obj.hash))
                        ret = error(_("Failed to copy notes from '%s' to '%s'"),
                                        oid_to_hex(&from_obj), oid_to_hex(&to_obj));
        }

finish:
        finish_copy_notes_for_rewrite(c, msg);
        fclose(fp);
        strbuf_release(&sb);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * Determines if the file looks like a piece of RFC2822 mail by grabbing all
 * non-indented lines and checking if they look like they begin with valid
 * header field names.
 *
 * Returns 1 if the file looks like a piece of mail, 0 otherwise.
 */
static int is_mail(FILE *fp)
{
        const char *header_regex = "^[!-9;-~]+:";
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
        regex_t regex;
        int ret = 1;

        if (fseek(fp, 0L, SEEK_SET))
                die_errno(_("fseek failed"));

        if (regcomp(&regex, header_regex, REG_NOSUB | REG_EXTENDED))
                die("invalid pattern: %s", header_regex);

        while (!strbuf_getline(&sb, fp)) {
                if (!sb.len)
                        break; /* End of header */

                /* Ignore indented folded lines */
                if (*sb.buf == '\t' || *sb.buf == ' ')
                        continue;

                /* It's a header if it matches header_regex */
                if (regexec(&regex, sb.buf, 0, NULL, 0)) {
                        ret = 0;
                        goto done;
                }
        }

done:
        regfree(&regex);
        strbuf_release(&sb);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * Attempts to detect the patch_format of the patches contained in `paths`,
 * returning the PATCH_FORMAT_* enum value. Returns PATCH_FORMAT_UNKNOWN if
 * detection fails.
 */
static int detect_patch_format(const char **paths)
{
        enum patch_format ret = PATCH_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
        struct strbuf l1 = STRBUF_INIT;
        struct strbuf l2 = STRBUF_INIT;
        struct strbuf l3 = STRBUF_INIT;
        FILE *fp;

        /*
         * We default to mbox format if input is from stdin and for directories
         */
        if (!*paths || !strcmp(*paths, "-") || is_directory(*paths))
                return PATCH_FORMAT_MBOX;

        /*
         * Otherwise, check the first few lines of the first patch, starting
         * from the first non-blank line, to try to detect its format.
         */

        fp = xfopen(*paths, "r");

        while (!strbuf_getline(&l1, fp)) {
                if (l1.len)
                        break;
        }

        if (starts_with(l1.buf, "From ") || starts_with(l1.buf, "From: ")) {
                ret = PATCH_FORMAT_MBOX;
                goto done;
        }

        if (starts_with(l1.buf, "# This series applies on GIT commit")) {
                ret = PATCH_FORMAT_STGIT_SERIES;
                goto done;
        }

        if (!strcmp(l1.buf, "# HG changeset patch")) {
                ret = PATCH_FORMAT_HG;
                goto done;
        }

        strbuf_reset(&l2);
        strbuf_getline(&l2, fp);
        strbuf_reset(&l3);
        strbuf_getline(&l3, fp);

        /*
         * If the second line is empty and the third is a From, Author or Date
         * entry, this is likely an StGit patch.
         */
        if (l1.len && !l2.len &&
                (starts_with(l3.buf, "From:") ||
                 starts_with(l3.buf, "Author:") ||
                 starts_with(l3.buf, "Date:"))) {
                ret = PATCH_FORMAT_STGIT;
                goto done;
        }

        if (l1.len && is_mail(fp)) {
                ret = PATCH_FORMAT_MBOX;
                goto done;
        }

done:
        fclose(fp);
        strbuf_release(&l1);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * Splits out individual email patches from `paths`, where each path is either
 * a mbox file or a Maildir. Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
 */
static int split_mail_mbox(struct am_state *state, const char **paths,
                                int keep_cr, int mboxrd)
{
        struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
        struct strbuf last = STRBUF_INIT;

        cp.git_cmd = 1;
        argv_array_push(&cp.args, "mailsplit");
        argv_array_pushf(&cp.args, "-d%d", state->prec);
        argv_array_pushf(&cp.args, "-o%s", state->dir);
        argv_array_push(&cp.args, "-b");
        if (keep_cr)
                argv_array_push(&cp.args, "--keep-cr");
        if (mboxrd)
                argv_array_push(&cp.args, "--mboxrd");
        argv_array_push(&cp.args, "--");
        argv_array_pushv(&cp.args, paths);

        if (capture_command(&cp, &last, 8))
                return -1;

        state->cur = 1;
        state->last = strtol(last.buf, NULL, 10);

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Callback signature for split_mail_conv(). The foreign patch should be
 * read from `in`, and the converted patch (in RFC2822 mail format) should be
 * written to `out`. Return 0 on success, or -1 on failure.
 */
typedef int (*mail_conv_fn)(FILE *out, FILE *in, int keep_cr);

/**
 * Calls `fn` for each file in `paths` to convert the foreign patch to the
 * RFC2822 mail format suitable for parsing with git-mailinfo.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
 */
static int split_mail_conv(mail_conv_fn fn, struct am_state *state,
                        const char **paths, int keep_cr)
{
        static const char *stdin_only[] = {"-", NULL};
        int i;

        if (!*paths)
                paths = stdin_only;

        for (i = 0; *paths; paths++, i++) {
                FILE *in, *out;
                const char *mail;
                int ret;

                if (!strcmp(*paths, "-"))
                        in = stdin;
                else
                        in = fopen(*paths, "r");

                if (!in)
                        return error_errno(_("could not open '%s' for reading"),
                                           *paths);

                mail = mkpath("%s/%0*d", state->dir, state->prec, i + 1);

                out = fopen(mail, "w");
                if (!out) {
                        if (in != stdin)
                                fclose(in);
                        return error_errno(_("could not open '%s' for writing"),
                                           mail);
                }

                ret = fn(out, in, keep_cr);

                fclose(out);
                if (in != stdin)
                        fclose(in);

                if (ret)
                        return error(_("could not parse patch '%s'"), *paths);
        }

        state->cur = 1;
        state->last = i;
        return 0;
}

/**
 * A split_mail_conv() callback that converts an StGit patch to an RFC2822
 * message suitable for parsing with git-mailinfo.
 */
static int stgit_patch_to_mail(FILE *out, FILE *in, int keep_cr)
{
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
        int subject_printed = 0;

        while (!strbuf_getline_lf(&sb, in)) {
                const char *str;

                if (str_isspace(sb.buf))
                        continue;
                else if (skip_prefix(sb.buf, "Author:", &str))
                        fprintf(out, "From:%s\n", str);
                else if (starts_with(sb.buf, "From") || starts_with(sb.buf, "Date"))
                        fprintf(out, "%s\n", sb.buf);
                else if (!subject_printed) {
                        fprintf(out, "Subject: %s\n", sb.buf);
                        subject_printed = 1;
                } else {
                        fprintf(out, "\n%s\n", sb.buf);
                        break;
                }
        }

        strbuf_reset(&sb);
        while (strbuf_fread(&sb, 8192, in) > 0) {
                fwrite(sb.buf, 1, sb.len, out);
                strbuf_reset(&sb);
        }

        strbuf_release(&sb);
        return 0;
}

/**
 * This function only supports a single StGit series file in `paths`.
 *
 * Given an StGit series file, converts the StGit patches in the series into
 * RFC2822 messages suitable for parsing with git-mailinfo, and queues them in
 * the state directory.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
 */
static int split_mail_stgit_series(struct am_state *state, const char **paths,
                                        int keep_cr)
{
        const char *series_dir;
        char *series_dir_buf;
        FILE *fp;
        struct argv_array patches = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
        int ret;

        if (!paths[0] || paths[1])
                return error(_("Only one StGIT patch series can be applied at once"));

        series_dir_buf = xstrdup(*paths);
        series_dir = dirname(series_dir_buf);

        fp = fopen(*paths, "r");
        if (!fp)
                return error_errno(_("could not open '%s' for reading"), *paths);

        while (!strbuf_getline_lf(&sb, fp)) {
                if (*sb.buf == '#')
                        continue; /* skip comment lines */

                argv_array_push(&patches, mkpath("%s/%s", series_dir, sb.buf));
        }

        fclose(fp);
        strbuf_release(&sb);
        free(series_dir_buf);

        ret = split_mail_conv(stgit_patch_to_mail, state, patches.argv, keep_cr);

        argv_array_clear(&patches);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * A split_patches_conv() callback that converts a mercurial patch to a RFC2822
 * message suitable for parsing with git-mailinfo.
 */
static int hg_patch_to_mail(FILE *out, FILE *in, int keep_cr)
{
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

        while (!strbuf_getline_lf(&sb, in)) {
                const char *str;

                if (skip_prefix(sb.buf, "# User ", &str))
                        fprintf(out, "From: %s\n", str);
                else if (skip_prefix(sb.buf, "# Date ", &str)) {
                        unsigned long timestamp;
                        long tz, tz2;
                        char *end;

                        errno = 0;
                        timestamp = strtoul(str, &end, 10);
                        if (errno)
                                return error(_("invalid timestamp"));

                        if (!skip_prefix(end, " ", &str))
                                return error(_("invalid Date line"));

                        errno = 0;
                        tz = strtol(str, &end, 10);
                        if (errno)
                                return error(_("invalid timezone offset"));

                        if (*end)
                                return error(_("invalid Date line"));

                        /*
                         * mercurial's timezone is in seconds west of UTC,
                         * however git's timezone is in hours + minutes east of
                         * UTC. Convert it.
                         */
                        tz2 = labs(tz) / 3600 * 100 + labs(tz) % 3600 / 60;
                        if (tz > 0)
                                tz2 = -tz2;

                        fprintf(out, "Date: %s\n", show_date(timestamp, tz2, DATE_MODE(RFC2822)));
                } else if (starts_with(sb.buf, "# ")) {
                        continue;
                } else {
                        fprintf(out, "\n%s\n", sb.buf);
                        break;
                }
        }

        strbuf_reset(&sb);
        while (strbuf_fread(&sb, 8192, in) > 0) {
                fwrite(sb.buf, 1, sb.len, out);
                strbuf_reset(&sb);
        }

        strbuf_release(&sb);
        return 0;
}

/**
 * Splits a list of files/directories into individual email patches. Each path
 * in `paths` must be a file/directory that is formatted according to
 * `patch_format`.
 *
 * Once split out, the individual email patches will be stored in the state
 * directory, with each patch's filename being its index, padded to state->prec
 * digits.
 *
 * state->cur will be set to the index of the first mail, and state->last will
 * be set to the index of the last mail.
 *
 * Set keep_cr to 0 to convert all lines ending with \r\n to end with \n, 1
 * to disable this behavior, -1 to use the default configured setting.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
 */
static int split_mail(struct am_state *state, enum patch_format patch_format,
                        const char **paths, int keep_cr)
{
        if (keep_cr < 0) {
                keep_cr = 0;
                git_config_get_bool("am.keepcr", &keep_cr);
        }

        switch (patch_format) {
        case PATCH_FORMAT_MBOX:
                return split_mail_mbox(state, paths, keep_cr, 0);
        case PATCH_FORMAT_STGIT:
                return split_mail_conv(stgit_patch_to_mail, state, paths, keep_cr);
        case PATCH_FORMAT_STGIT_SERIES:
                return split_mail_stgit_series(state, paths, keep_cr);
        case PATCH_FORMAT_HG:
                return split_mail_conv(hg_patch_to_mail, state, paths, keep_cr);
        case PATCH_FORMAT_MBOXRD:
                return split_mail_mbox(state, paths, keep_cr, 1);
        default:
                die("BUG: invalid patch_format");
        }
        return -1;
}

/**
 * Setup a new am session for applying patches
 */
static void am_setup(struct am_state *state, enum patch_format patch_format,
                        const char **paths, int keep_cr)
{
        struct object_id curr_head;
        const char *str;
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

        if (!patch_format)
                patch_format = detect_patch_format(paths);

        if (!patch_format) {
                fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Patch format detection failed."));
                exit(128);
        }

        if (mkdir(state->dir, 0777) < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
                die_errno(_("failed to create directory '%s'"), state->dir);

        if (split_mail(state, patch_format, paths, keep_cr) < 0) {
                am_destroy(state);
                die(_("Failed to split patches."));
        }

        if (state->rebasing)
                state->threeway = 1;

        write_state_bool(state, "threeway", state->threeway);
        write_state_bool(state, "quiet", state->quiet);
        write_state_bool(state, "sign", state->signoff);
        write_state_bool(state, "utf8", state->utf8);

        switch (state->keep) {
        case KEEP_FALSE:
                str = "f";
                break;
        case KEEP_TRUE:
                str = "t";
                break;
        case KEEP_NON_PATCH:
                str = "b";
                break;
        default:
                die("BUG: invalid value for state->keep");
        }

        write_state_text(state, "keep", str);
        write_state_bool(state, "messageid", state->message_id);

        switch (state->scissors) {
        case SCISSORS_UNSET:
                str = "";
                break;
        case SCISSORS_FALSE:
                str = "f";
                break;
        case SCISSORS_TRUE:
                str = "t";
                break;
        default:
                die("BUG: invalid value for state->scissors");
        }
        write_state_text(state, "scissors", str);

        sq_quote_argv(&sb, state->git_apply_opts.argv, 0);
        write_state_text(state, "apply-opt", sb.buf);

        if (state->rebasing)
                write_state_text(state, "rebasing", "");
        else
                write_state_text(state, "applying", "");

        if (!get_oid("HEAD", &curr_head)) {
                write_state_text(state, "abort-safety", oid_to_hex(&curr_head));
                if (!state->rebasing)
                        update_ref_oid("am", "ORIG_HEAD", &curr_head, NULL, 0,
                                        UPDATE_REFS_DIE_ON_ERR);
        } else {
                write_state_text(state, "abort-safety", "");
                if (!state->rebasing)
                        delete_ref(NULL, "ORIG_HEAD", NULL, 0);
        }

        /*
         * NOTE: Since the "next" and "last" files determine if an am_state
         * session is in progress, they should be written last.
         */

        write_state_count(state, "next", state->cur);
        write_state_count(state, "last", state->last);

        strbuf_release(&sb);
}

/**
 * Increments the patch pointer, and cleans am_state for the application of the
 * next patch.
 */
static void am_next(struct am_state *state)
{
        struct object_id head;

        free(state->author_name);
        state->author_name = NULL;

        free(state->author_email);
        state->author_email = NULL;

        free(state->author_date);
        state->author_date = NULL;

        free(state->msg);
        state->msg = NULL;
        state->msg_len = 0;

        unlink(am_path(state, "author-script"));
        unlink(am_path(state, "final-commit"));

        oidclr(&state->orig_commit);
        unlink(am_path(state, "original-commit"));

        if (!get_oid("HEAD", &head))
                write_state_text(state, "abort-safety", oid_to_hex(&head));
        else
                write_state_text(state, "abort-safety", "");

        state->cur++;
        write_state_count(state, "next", state->cur);
}

/**
 * Returns the filename of the current patch email.
 */
static const char *msgnum(const struct am_state *state)
{
        static struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

        strbuf_reset(&sb);
        strbuf_addf(&sb, "%0*d", state->prec, state->cur);

        return sb.buf;
}

/**
 * Refresh and write index.
 */
static void refresh_and_write_cache(void)
{
        struct lock_file *lock_file = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct lock_file));

        hold_locked_index(lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
        refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET);
        if (write_locked_index(&the_index, lock_file, COMMIT_LOCK))
                die(_("unable to write index file"));
}

/**
 * Returns 1 if the index differs from HEAD, 0 otherwise. When on an unborn
 * branch, returns 1 if there are entries in the index, 0 otherwise. If an
 * strbuf is provided, the space-separated list of files that differ will be
 * appended to it.
 */
static int index_has_changes(struct strbuf *sb)
{
        struct object_id head;
        int i;

        if (!get_sha1_tree("HEAD", head.hash)) {
                struct diff_options opt;

                diff_setup(&opt);
                DIFF_OPT_SET(&opt, EXIT_WITH_STATUS);
                if (!sb)
                        DIFF_OPT_SET(&opt, QUICK);
                do_diff_cache(head.hash, &opt);
                diffcore_std(&opt);
                for (i = 0; sb && i < diff_queued_diff.nr; i++) {
                        if (i)
                                strbuf_addch(sb, ' ');
                        strbuf_addstr(sb, diff_queued_diff.queue[i]->two->path);
                }
                diff_flush(&opt);
                return DIFF_OPT_TST(&opt, HAS_CHANGES) != 0;
        } else {
                for (i = 0; sb && i < active_nr; i++) {
                        if (i)
                                strbuf_addch(sb, ' ');
                        strbuf_addstr(sb, active_cache[i]->name);
                }
                return !!active_nr;
        }
}

/**
 * Dies with a user-friendly message on how to proceed after resolving the
 * problem. This message can be overridden with state->resolvemsg.
 */
static void NORETURN die_user_resolve(const struct am_state *state)
{
        if (state->resolvemsg) {
                printf_ln("%s", state->resolvemsg);
        } else {
                const char *cmdline = state->interactive ? "git am -i" : "git am";

                printf_ln(_("When you have resolved this problem, run \"%s --continue\"."), cmdline);
                printf_ln(_("If you prefer to skip this patch, run \"%s --skip\" instead."), cmdline);
                printf_ln(_("To restore the original branch and stop patching, run \"%s --abort\"."), cmdline);
        }

        exit(128);
}

static void am_signoff(struct strbuf *sb)
{
        char *cp;
        struct strbuf mine = STRBUF_INIT;

        /* Does it end with our own sign-off? */
        strbuf_addf(&mine, "\n%s%s\n",
                    sign_off_header,
                    fmt_name(getenv("GIT_COMMITTER_NAME"),
                             getenv("GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL")));
        if (mine.len < sb->len &&
            !strcmp(mine.buf, sb->buf + sb->len - mine.len))
                goto exit; /* no need to duplicate */

        /* Does it have any Signed-off-by: in the text */
        for (cp = sb->buf;
             cp && *cp && (cp = strstr(cp, sign_off_header)) != NULL;
             cp = strchr(cp, '\n')) {
                if (sb->buf == cp || cp[-1] == '\n')
                        break;
        }

        strbuf_addstr(sb, mine.buf + !!cp);
exit:
        strbuf_release(&mine);
}

/**
 * Appends signoff to the "msg" field of the am_state.
 */
static void am_append_signoff(struct am_state *state)
{
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

        strbuf_attach(&sb, state->msg, state->msg_len, state->msg_len);
        am_signoff(&sb);
        state->msg = strbuf_detach(&sb, &state->msg_len);
}

/**
 * Parses `mail` using git-mailinfo, extracting its patch and authorship info.
 * state->msg will be set to the patch message. state->author_name,
 * state->author_email and state->author_date will be set to the patch author's
 * name, email and date respectively. The patch body will be written to the
 * state directory's "patch" file.
 *
 * Returns 1 if the patch should be skipped, 0 otherwise.
 */
static int parse_mail(struct am_state *state, const char *mail)
{
        FILE *fp;
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
        struct strbuf msg = STRBUF_INIT;
        struct strbuf author_name = STRBUF_INIT;
        struct strbuf author_date = STRBUF_INIT;
        struct strbuf author_email = STRBUF_INIT;
        int ret = 0;
        struct mailinfo mi;

        setup_mailinfo(&mi);

        if (state->utf8)
                mi.metainfo_charset = get_commit_output_encoding();
        else
                mi.metainfo_charset = NULL;

        switch (state->keep) {
        case KEEP_FALSE:
                break;
        case KEEP_TRUE:
                mi.keep_subject = 1;
                break;
        case KEEP_NON_PATCH:
                mi.keep_non_patch_brackets_in_subject = 1;
                break;
        default:
                die("BUG: invalid value for state->keep");
        }

        if (state->message_id)
                mi.add_message_id = 1;

        switch (state->scissors) {
        case SCISSORS_UNSET:
                break;
        case SCISSORS_FALSE:
                mi.use_scissors = 0;
                break;
        case SCISSORS_TRUE:
                mi.use_scissors = 1;
                break;
        default:
                die("BUG: invalid value for state->scissors");
        }

        mi.input = fopen(mail, "r");
        if (!mi.input)
                die("could not open input");
        mi.output = fopen(am_path(state, "info"), "w");
        if (!mi.output)
                die("could not open output 'info'");
        if (mailinfo(&mi, am_path(state, "msg"), am_path(state, "patch")))
                die("could not parse patch");

        fclose(mi.input);
        fclose(mi.output);

        /* Extract message and author information */
        fp = xfopen(am_path(state, "info"), "r");
        while (!strbuf_getline_lf(&sb, fp)) {
                const char *x;

                if (skip_prefix(sb.buf, "Subject: ", &x)) {
                        if (msg.len)
                                strbuf_addch(&msg, '\n');
                        strbuf_addstr(&msg, x);
                } else if (skip_prefix(sb.buf, "Author: ", &x))
                        strbuf_addstr(&author_name, x);
                else if (skip_prefix(sb.buf, "Email: ", &x))
                        strbuf_addstr(&author_email, x);
                else if (skip_prefix(sb.buf, "Date: ", &x))
                        strbuf_addstr(&author_date, x);
        }
        fclose(fp);

        /* Skip pine's internal folder data */
        if (!strcmp(author_name.buf, "Mail System Internal Data")) {
                ret = 1;
                goto finish;
        }

        if (is_empty_file(am_path(state, "patch"))) {
                printf_ln(_("Patch is empty. Was it split wrong?"));
                die_user_resolve(state);
        }

        strbuf_addstr(&msg, "\n\n");
        strbuf_addbuf(&msg, &mi.log_message);
        strbuf_stripspace(&msg, 0);

        if (state->signoff)
                am_signoff(&msg);

        assert(!state->author_name);
        state->author_name = strbuf_detach(&author_name, NULL);

        assert(!state->author_email);
        state->author_email = strbuf_detach(&author_email, NULL);

        assert(!state->author_date);
        state->author_date = strbuf_detach(&author_date, NULL);

        assert(!state->msg);
        state->msg = strbuf_detach(&msg, &state->msg_len);

finish:
        strbuf_release(&msg);
        strbuf_release(&author_date);
        strbuf_release(&author_email);
        strbuf_release(&author_name);
        strbuf_release(&sb);
        clear_mailinfo(&mi);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * Sets commit_id to the commit hash where the mail was generated from.
 * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
 */
static int get_mail_commit_oid(struct object_id *commit_id, const char *mail)
{
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
        FILE *fp = xfopen(mail, "r");
        const char *x;

        if (strbuf_getline_lf(&sb, fp))
                return -1;

        if (!skip_prefix(sb.buf, "From ", &x))
                return -1;

        if (get_oid_hex(x, commit_id) < 0)
                return -1;

        strbuf_release(&sb);
        fclose(fp);
        return 0;
}

/**
 * Sets state->msg, state->author_name, state->author_email, state->author_date
 * to the commit's respective info.
 */
static void get_commit_info(struct am_state *state, struct commit *commit)
{
        const char *buffer, *ident_line, *author_date, *msg;
        size_t ident_len;
        struct ident_split ident_split;
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

        buffer = logmsg_reencode(commit, NULL, get_commit_output_encoding());

        ident_line = find_commit_header(buffer, "author", &ident_len);

        if (split_ident_line(&ident_split, ident_line, ident_len) < 0) {
                strbuf_add(&sb, ident_line, ident_len);
                die(_("invalid ident line: %s"), sb.buf);
        }

        assert(!state->author_name);
        if (ident_split.name_begin) {
                strbuf_add(&sb, ident_split.name_begin,
                        ident_split.name_end - ident_split.name_begin);
                state->author_name = strbuf_detach(&sb, NULL);
        } else
                state->author_name = xstrdup("");

        assert(!state->author_email);
        if (ident_split.mail_begin) {
                strbuf_add(&sb, ident_split.mail_begin,
                        ident_split.mail_end - ident_split.mail_begin);
                state->author_email = strbuf_detach(&sb, NULL);
        } else
                state->author_email = xstrdup("");

        author_date = show_ident_date(&ident_split, DATE_MODE(NORMAL));
        strbuf_addstr(&sb, author_date);
        assert(!state->author_date);
        state->author_date = strbuf_detach(&sb, NULL);

        assert(!state->msg);
        msg = strstr(buffer, "\n\n");
        if (!msg)
                die(_("unable to parse commit %s"), oid_to_hex(&commit->object.oid));
        state->msg = xstrdup(msg + 2);
        state->msg_len = strlen(state->msg);
}

/**
 * Writes `commit` as a patch to the state directory's "patch" file.
 */
static void write_commit_patch(const struct am_state *state, struct commit *commit)
{
        struct rev_info rev_info;
        FILE *fp;

        fp = xfopen(am_path(state, "patch"), "w");
        init_revisions(&rev_info, NULL);
        rev_info.diff = 1;
        rev_info.abbrev = 0;
        rev_info.disable_stdin = 1;
        rev_info.show_root_diff = 1;
        rev_info.diffopt.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH;
        rev_info.no_commit_id = 1;
        DIFF_OPT_SET(&rev_info.diffopt, BINARY);
        DIFF_OPT_SET(&rev_info.diffopt, FULL_INDEX);
        rev_info.diffopt.use_color = 0;
        rev_info.diffopt.file = fp;
        rev_info.diffopt.close_file = 1;
        add_pending_object(&rev_info, &commit->object, "");
        diff_setup_done(&rev_info.diffopt);
        log_tree_commit(&rev_info, commit);
}

/**
 * Writes the diff of the index against HEAD as a patch to the state
 * directory's "patch" file.
 */
static void write_index_patch(const struct am_state *state)
{
        struct tree *tree;
        struct object_id head;
        struct rev_info rev_info;
        FILE *fp;

        if (!get_sha1_tree("HEAD", head.hash))
                tree = lookup_tree(head.hash);
        else
                tree = lookup_tree(EMPTY_TREE_SHA1_BIN);

        fp = xfopen(am_path(state, "patch"), "w");
        init_revisions(&rev_info, NULL);
        rev_info.diff = 1;
        rev_info.disable_stdin = 1;
        rev_info.no_commit_id = 1;
        rev_info.diffopt.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH;
        rev_info.diffopt.use_color = 0;
        rev_info.diffopt.file = fp;
        rev_info.diffopt.close_file = 1;
        add_pending_object(&rev_info, &tree->object, "");
        diff_setup_done(&rev_info.diffopt);
        run_diff_index(&rev_info, 1);
}

/**
 * Like parse_mail(), but parses the mail by looking up its commit ID
 * directly. This is used in --rebasing mode to bypass git-mailinfo's munging
 * of patches.
 *
 * state->orig_commit will be set to the original commit ID.
 *
 * Will always return 0 as the patch should never be skipped.
 */
static int parse_mail_rebase(struct am_state *state, const char *mail)
{
        struct commit *commit;
        struct object_id commit_oid;

        if (get_mail_commit_oid(&commit_oid, mail) < 0)
                die(_("could not parse %s"), mail);

        commit = lookup_commit_or_die(commit_oid.hash, mail);

        get_commit_info(state, commit);

        write_commit_patch(state, commit);

        oidcpy(&state->orig_commit, &commit_oid);
        write_state_text(state, "original-commit", oid_to_hex(&commit_oid));

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Applies current patch with git-apply. Returns 0 on success, -1 otherwise. If
 * `index_file` is not NULL, the patch will be applied to that index.
 */
static int run_apply(const struct am_state *state, const char *index_file)
{
        struct argv_array apply_paths = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
        struct argv_array apply_opts = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
        struct apply_state apply_state;
        int res, opts_left;
        static struct lock_file lock_file;
        int force_apply = 0;
        int options = 0;

        if (init_apply_state(&apply_state, NULL, &lock_file))
                die("BUG: init_apply_state() failed");

        argv_array_push(&apply_opts, "apply");
        argv_array_pushv(&apply_opts, state->git_apply_opts.argv);

        opts_left = apply_parse_options(apply_opts.argc, apply_opts.argv,
                                        &apply_state, &force_apply, &options,
                                        NULL);

        if (opts_left != 0)
                die("unknown option passed through to git apply");

        if (index_file) {
                apply_state.index_file = index_file;
                apply_state.cached = 1;
        } else
                apply_state.check_index = 1;

        /*
         * If we are allowed to fall back on 3-way merge, don't give false
         * errors during the initial attempt.
         */
        if (state->threeway && !index_file)
                apply_state.apply_verbosity = verbosity_silent;

        if (check_apply_state(&apply_state, force_apply))
                die("BUG: check_apply_state() failed");

        argv_array_push(&apply_paths, am_path(state, "patch"));

        res = apply_all_patches(&apply_state, apply_paths.argc, apply_paths.argv, options);

        argv_array_clear(&apply_paths);
        argv_array_clear(&apply_opts);
        clear_apply_state(&apply_state);

        if (res)
                return res;

        if (index_file) {
                /* Reload index as apply_all_patches() will have modified it. */
                discard_cache();
                read_cache_from(index_file);
        }

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Builds an index that contains just the blobs needed for a 3way merge.
 */
static int build_fake_ancestor(const struct am_state *state, const char *index_file)
{
        struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;

        cp.git_cmd = 1;
        argv_array_push(&cp.args, "apply");
        argv_array_pushv(&cp.args, state->git_apply_opts.argv);
        argv_array_pushf(&cp.args, "--build-fake-ancestor=%s", index_file);
        argv_array_push(&cp.args, am_path(state, "patch"));

        if (run_command(&cp))
                return -1;

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Attempt a threeway merge, using index_path as the temporary index.
 */
static int fall_back_threeway(const struct am_state *state, const char *index_path)
{
        struct object_id orig_tree, their_tree, our_tree;
        const struct object_id *bases[1] = { &orig_tree };
        struct merge_options o;
        struct commit *result;
        char *their_tree_name;

        if (get_oid("HEAD", &our_tree) < 0)
                hashcpy(our_tree.hash, EMPTY_TREE_SHA1_BIN);

        if (build_fake_ancestor(state, index_path))
                return error("could not build fake ancestor");

        discard_cache();
        read_cache_from(index_path);

        if (write_index_as_tree(orig_tree.hash, &the_index, index_path, 0, NULL))
                return error(_("Repository lacks necessary blobs to fall back on 3-way merge."));

        say(state, stdout, _("Using index info to reconstruct a base tree..."));

        if (!state->quiet) {
                /*
                 * List paths that needed 3-way fallback, so that the user can
                 * review them with extra care to spot mismerges.
                 */
                struct rev_info rev_info;
                const char *diff_filter_str = "--diff-filter=AM";

                init_revisions(&rev_info, NULL);
                rev_info.diffopt.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_NAME_STATUS;
                diff_opt_parse(&rev_info.diffopt, &diff_filter_str, 1, rev_info.prefix);
                add_pending_sha1(&rev_info, "HEAD", our_tree.hash, 0);
                diff_setup_done(&rev_info.diffopt);
                run_diff_index(&rev_info, 1);
        }

        if (run_apply(state, index_path))
                return error(_("Did you hand edit your patch?\n"
                                "It does not apply to blobs recorded in its index."));

        if (write_index_as_tree(their_tree.hash, &the_index, index_path, 0, NULL))
                return error("could not write tree");

        say(state, stdout, _("Falling back to patching base and 3-way merge..."));

        discard_cache();
        read_cache();

        /*
         * This is not so wrong. Depending on which base we picked, orig_tree
         * may be wildly different from ours, but their_tree has the same set of
         * wildly different changes in parts the patch did not touch, so
         * recursive ends up canceling them, saying that we reverted all those
         * changes.
         */

        init_merge_options(&o);

        o.branch1 = "HEAD";
        their_tree_name = xstrfmt("%.*s", linelen(state->msg), state->msg);
        o.branch2 = their_tree_name;

        if (state->quiet)
                o.verbosity = 0;

        if (merge_recursive_generic(&o, &our_tree, &their_tree, 1, bases, &result)) {
                rerere(state->allow_rerere_autoupdate);
                free(their_tree_name);
                return error(_("Failed to merge in the changes."));
        }

        free(their_tree_name);
        return 0;
}

/**
 * Commits the current index with state->msg as the commit message and
 * state->author_name, state->author_email and state->author_date as the author
 * information.
 */
static void do_commit(const struct am_state *state)
{
        struct object_id tree, parent, commit;
        const struct object_id *old_oid;
        struct commit_list *parents = NULL;
        const char *reflog_msg, *author;
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

        if (run_hook_le(NULL, "pre-applypatch", NULL))
                exit(1);

        if (write_cache_as_tree(tree.hash, 0, NULL))
                die(_("git write-tree failed to write a tree"));

        if (!get_sha1_commit("HEAD", parent.hash)) {
                old_oid = &parent;
                commit_list_insert(lookup_commit(parent.hash), &parents);
        } else {
                old_oid = NULL;
                say(state, stderr, _("applying to an empty history"));
        }

        author = fmt_ident(state->author_name, state->author_email,
                        state->ignore_date ? NULL : state->author_date,
                        IDENT_STRICT);

        if (state->committer_date_is_author_date)
                setenv("GIT_COMMITTER_DATE",
                        state->ignore_date ? "" : state->author_date, 1);

        if (commit_tree(state->msg, state->msg_len, tree.hash, parents, commit.hash,
                                author, state->sign_commit))
                die(_("failed to write commit object"));

        reflog_msg = getenv("GIT_REFLOG_ACTION");
        if (!reflog_msg)
                reflog_msg = "am";

        strbuf_addf(&sb, "%s: %.*s", reflog_msg, linelen(state->msg),
                        state->msg);

        update_ref_oid(sb.buf, "HEAD", &commit, old_oid, 0,
                        UPDATE_REFS_DIE_ON_ERR);

        if (state->rebasing) {
                FILE *fp = xfopen(am_path(state, "rewritten"), "a");

                assert(!is_null_oid(&state->orig_commit));
                fprintf(fp, "%s ", oid_to_hex(&state->orig_commit));
                fprintf(fp, "%s\n", oid_to_hex(&commit));
                fclose(fp);
        }

        run_hook_le(NULL, "post-applypatch", NULL);

        strbuf_release(&sb);
}

/**
 * Validates the am_state for resuming -- the "msg" and authorship fields must
 * be filled up.
 */
static void validate_resume_state(const struct am_state *state)
{
        if (!state->msg)
                die(_("cannot resume: %s does not exist."),
                        am_path(state, "final-commit"));

        if (!state->author_name || !state->author_email || !state->author_date)
                die(_("cannot resume: %s does not exist."),
                        am_path(state, "author-script"));
}

/**
 * Interactively prompt the user on whether the current patch should be
 * applied.
 *
 * Returns 0 if the user chooses to apply the patch, 1 if the user chooses to
 * skip it.
 */
static int do_interactive(struct am_state *state)
{
        assert(state->msg);

        if (!isatty(0))
                die(_("cannot be interactive without stdin connected to a terminal."));

        for (;;) {
                const char *reply;

                puts(_("Commit Body is:"));
                puts("--------------------------");
                printf("%s", state->msg);
                puts("--------------------------");

                /*
                 * TRANSLATORS: Make sure to include [y], [n], [e], [v] and [a]
                 * in your translation. The program will only accept English
                 * input at this point.
                 */
                reply = git_prompt(_("Apply? [y]es/[n]o/[e]dit/[v]iew patch/[a]ccept all: "), PROMPT_ECHO);

                if (!reply) {
                        continue;
                } else if (*reply == 'y' || *reply == 'Y') {
                        return 0;
                } else if (*reply == 'a' || *reply == 'A') {
                        state->interactive = 0;
                        return 0;
                } else if (*reply == 'n' || *reply == 'N') {
                        return 1;
                } else if (*reply == 'e' || *reply == 'E') {
                        struct strbuf msg = STRBUF_INIT;

                        if (!launch_editor(am_path(state, "final-commit"), &msg, NULL)) {
                                free(state->msg);
                                state->msg = strbuf_detach(&msg, &state->msg_len);
                        }
                        strbuf_release(&msg);
                } else if (*reply == 'v' || *reply == 'V') {
                        const char *pager = git_pager(1);
                        struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;

                        if (!pager)
                                pager = "cat";
                        prepare_pager_args(&cp, pager);
                        argv_array_push(&cp.args, am_path(state, "patch"));
                        run_command(&cp);
                }
        }
}

/**
 * Applies all queued mail.
 *
 * If `resume` is true, we are "resuming". The "msg" and authorship fields, as
 * well as the state directory's "patch" file is used as-is for applying the
 * patch and committing it.
 */
static void am_run(struct am_state *state, int resume)
{
        const char *argv_gc_auto[] = {"gc", "--auto", NULL};
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

        unlink(am_path(state, "dirtyindex"));

        refresh_and_write_cache();

        if (index_has_changes(&sb)) {
                write_state_bool(state, "dirtyindex", 1);
                die(_("Dirty index: cannot apply patches (dirty: %s)"), sb.buf);
        }

        strbuf_release(&sb);

        while (state->cur <= state->last) {
                const char *mail = am_path(state, msgnum(state));
                int apply_status;

                reset_ident_date();

                if (!file_exists(mail))
                        goto next;

                if (resume) {
                        validate_resume_state(state);
                } else {
                        int skip;

                        if (state->rebasing)
                                skip = parse_mail_rebase(state, mail);
                        else
                                skip = parse_mail(state, mail);

                        if (skip)
                                goto next; /* mail should be skipped */

                        write_author_script(state);
                        write_commit_msg(state);
                }

                if (state->interactive && do_interactive(state))
                        goto next;

                if (run_applypatch_msg_hook(state))
                        exit(1);

                say(state, stdout, _("Applying: %.*s"), linelen(state->msg), state->msg);

                apply_status = run_apply(state, NULL);

                if (apply_status && state->threeway) {
                        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

                        strbuf_addstr(&sb, am_path(state, "patch-merge-index"));
                        apply_status = fall_back_threeway(state, sb.buf);
                        strbuf_release(&sb);

                        /*
                         * Applying the patch to an earlier tree and merging
                         * the result may have produced the same tree as ours.
                         */
                        if (!apply_status && !index_has_changes(NULL)) {
                                say(state, stdout, _("No changes -- Patch already applied."));
                                goto next;
                        }
                }

                if (apply_status) {
                        int advice_amworkdir = 1;

                        printf_ln(_("Patch failed at %s %.*s"), msgnum(state),
                                linelen(state->msg), state->msg);

                        git_config_get_bool("advice.amworkdir", &advice_amworkdir);

                        if (advice_amworkdir)
                                printf_ln(_("The copy of the patch that failed is found in: %s"),
                                                am_path(state, "patch"));

                        die_user_resolve(state);
                }

                do_commit(state);

next:
                am_next(state);

                if (resume)
                        am_load(state);
                resume = 0;
        }

        if (!is_empty_file(am_path(state, "rewritten"))) {
                assert(state->rebasing);
                copy_notes_for_rebase(state);
                run_post_rewrite_hook(state);
        }

        /*
         * In rebasing mode, it's up to the caller to take care of
         * housekeeping.
         */
        if (!state->rebasing) {
                am_destroy(state);
                close_all_packs();
                run_command_v_opt(argv_gc_auto, RUN_GIT_CMD);
        }
}

/**
 * Resume the current am session after patch application failure. The user did
 * all the hard work, and we do not have to do any patch application. Just
 * trust and commit what the user has in the index and working tree.
 */
static void am_resolve(struct am_state *state)
{
        validate_resume_state(state);

        say(state, stdout, _("Applying: %.*s"), linelen(state->msg), state->msg);

        if (!index_has_changes(NULL)) {
                printf_ln(_("No changes - did you forget to use 'git add'?\n"
                        "If there is nothing left to stage, chances are that something else\n"
                        "already introduced the same changes; you might want to skip this patch."));
                die_user_resolve(state);
        }

        if (unmerged_cache()) {
                printf_ln(_("You still have unmerged paths in your index.\n"
                        "Did you forget to use 'git add'?"));
                die_user_resolve(state);
        }

        if (state->interactive) {
                write_index_patch(state);
                if (do_interactive(state))
                        goto next;
        }

        rerere(0);

        do_commit(state);

next:
        am_next(state);
        am_load(state);
        am_run(state, 0);
}

/**
 * Performs a checkout fast-forward from `head` to `remote`. If `reset` is
 * true, any unmerged entries will be discarded. Returns 0 on success, -1 on
 * failure.
 */
static int fast_forward_to(struct tree *head, struct tree *remote, int reset)
{
        struct lock_file *lock_file;
        struct unpack_trees_options opts;
        struct tree_desc t[2];

        if (parse_tree(head) || parse_tree(remote))
                return -1;

        lock_file = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct lock_file));
        hold_locked_index(lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);

        refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET);

        memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
        opts.head_idx = 1;
        opts.src_index = &the_index;
        opts.dst_index = &the_index;
        opts.update = 1;
        opts.merge = 1;
        opts.reset = reset;
        opts.fn = twoway_merge;
        init_tree_desc(&t[0], head->buffer, head->size);
        init_tree_desc(&t[1], remote->buffer, remote->size);

        if (unpack_trees(2, t, &opts)) {
                rollback_lock_file(lock_file);
                return -1;
        }

        if (write_locked_index(&the_index, lock_file, COMMIT_LOCK))
                die(_("unable to write new index file"));

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Merges a tree into the index. The index's stat info will take precedence
 * over the merged tree's. Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
 */
static int merge_tree(struct tree *tree)
{
        struct lock_file *lock_file;
        struct unpack_trees_options opts;
        struct tree_desc t[1];

        if (parse_tree(tree))
                return -1;

        lock_file = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct lock_file));
        hold_locked_index(lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);

        memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
        opts.head_idx = 1;
        opts.src_index = &the_index;
        opts.dst_index = &the_index;
        opts.merge = 1;
        opts.fn = oneway_merge;
        init_tree_desc(&t[0], tree->buffer, tree->size);

        if (unpack_trees(1, t, &opts)) {
                rollback_lock_file(lock_file);
                return -1;
        }

        if (write_locked_index(&the_index, lock_file, COMMIT_LOCK))
                die(_("unable to write new index file"));

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Clean the index without touching entries that are not modified between
 * `head` and `remote`.
 */
static int clean_index(const struct object_id *head, const struct object_id *remote)
{
        struct tree *head_tree, *remote_tree, *index_tree;
        struct object_id index;

        head_tree = parse_tree_indirect(head->hash);
        if (!head_tree)
                return error(_("Could not parse object '%s'."), oid_to_hex(head));

        remote_tree = parse_tree_indirect(remote->hash);
        if (!remote_tree)
                return error(_("Could not parse object '%s'."), oid_to_hex(remote));

        read_cache_unmerged();

        if (fast_forward_to(head_tree, head_tree, 1))
                return -1;

        if (write_cache_as_tree(index.hash, 0, NULL))
                return -1;

        index_tree = parse_tree_indirect(index.hash);
        if (!index_tree)
                return error(_("Could not parse object '%s'."), oid_to_hex(&index));

        if (fast_forward_to(index_tree, remote_tree, 0))
                return -1;

        if (merge_tree(remote_tree))
                return -1;

        remove_branch_state();

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Resets rerere's merge resolution metadata.
 */
static void am_rerere_clear(void)
{
        struct string_list merge_rr = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
        rerere_clear(&merge_rr);
        string_list_clear(&merge_rr, 1);
}

/**
 * Resume the current am session by skipping the current patch.
 */
static void am_skip(struct am_state *state)
{
        struct object_id head;

        am_rerere_clear();

        if (get_oid("HEAD", &head))
                hashcpy(head.hash, EMPTY_TREE_SHA1_BIN);

        if (clean_index(&head, &head))
                die(_("failed to clean index"));

        am_next(state);
        am_load(state);
        am_run(state, 0);
}

/**
 * Returns true if it is safe to reset HEAD to the ORIG_HEAD, false otherwise.
 *
 * It is not safe to reset HEAD when:
 * 1. git-am previously failed because the index was dirty.
 * 2. HEAD has moved since git-am previously failed.
 */
static int safe_to_abort(const struct am_state *state)
{
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
        struct object_id abort_safety, head;

        if (file_exists(am_path(state, "dirtyindex")))
                return 0;

        if (read_state_file(&sb, state, "abort-safety", 1) > 0) {
                if (get_oid_hex(sb.buf, &abort_safety))
                        die(_("could not parse %s"), am_path(state, "abort-safety"));
        } else
                oidclr(&abort_safety);

        if (get_oid("HEAD", &head))
                oidclr(&head);

        if (!oidcmp(&head, &abort_safety))
                return 1;

        warning(_("You seem to have moved HEAD since the last 'am' failure.\n"
                "Not rewinding to ORIG_HEAD"));

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Aborts the current am session if it is safe to do so.
 */
static void am_abort(struct am_state *state)
{
        struct object_id curr_head, orig_head;
        int has_curr_head, has_orig_head;
        char *curr_branch;

        if (!safe_to_abort(state)) {
                am_destroy(state);
                return;
        }

        am_rerere_clear();

        curr_branch = resolve_refdup("HEAD", 0, curr_head.hash, NULL);
        has_curr_head = !is_null_oid(&curr_head);
        if (!has_curr_head)
                hashcpy(curr_head.hash, EMPTY_TREE_SHA1_BIN);

        has_orig_head = !get_oid("ORIG_HEAD", &orig_head);
        if (!has_orig_head)
                hashcpy(orig_head.hash, EMPTY_TREE_SHA1_BIN);

        clean_index(&curr_head, &orig_head);

        if (has_orig_head)
                update_ref_oid("am --abort", "HEAD", &orig_head,
                                has_curr_head ? &curr_head : NULL, 0,
                                UPDATE_REFS_DIE_ON_ERR);
        else if (curr_branch)
                delete_ref(NULL, curr_branch, NULL, REF_NODEREF);

        free(curr_branch);
        am_destroy(state);
}

/**
 * parse_options() callback that validates and sets opt->value to the
 * PATCH_FORMAT_* enum value corresponding to `arg`.
 */
static int parse_opt_patchformat(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
{
        int *opt_value = opt->value;

        if (!strcmp(arg, "mbox"))
                *opt_value = PATCH_FORMAT_MBOX;
        else if (!strcmp(arg, "stgit"))
                *opt_value = PATCH_FORMAT_STGIT;
        else if (!strcmp(arg, "stgit-series"))
                *opt_value = PATCH_FORMAT_STGIT_SERIES;
        else if (!strcmp(arg, "hg"))
                *opt_value = PATCH_FORMAT_HG;
        else if (!strcmp(arg, "mboxrd"))
                *opt_value = PATCH_FORMAT_MBOXRD;
        else
                return error(_("Invalid value for --patch-format: %s"), arg);
        return 0;
}

enum resume_mode {
        RESUME_FALSE = 0,
        RESUME_APPLY,
        RESUME_RESOLVED,
        RESUME_SKIP,
        RESUME_ABORT
};

static int git_am_config(const char *k, const char *v, void *cb)
{
        int status;

        status = git_gpg_config(k, v, NULL);
        if (status)
                return status;

        return git_default_config(k, v, NULL);
}

int cmd_am(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
        struct am_state state;
        int binary = -1;
        int keep_cr = -1;
        int patch_format = PATCH_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
        enum resume_mode resume = RESUME_FALSE;
        int in_progress;

        const char * const usage[] = {
                N_("git am [<options>] [(<mbox> | <Maildir>)...]"),
                N_("git am [<options>] (--continue | --skip | --abort)"),
                NULL
        };

        struct option options[] = {
                OPT_BOOL('i', "interactive", &state.interactive,
                        N_("run interactively")),
                OPT_HIDDEN_BOOL('b', "binary", &binary,
                        N_("historical option -- no-op")),
                OPT_BOOL('3', "3way", &state.threeway,
                        N_("allow fall back on 3way merging if needed")),
                OPT__QUIET(&state.quiet, N_("be quiet")),
                OPT_SET_INT('s', "signoff", &state.signoff,
                        N_("add a Signed-off-by line to the commit message"),
                        SIGNOFF_EXPLICIT),
                OPT_BOOL('u', "utf8", &state.utf8,
                        N_("recode into utf8 (default)")),
                OPT_SET_INT('k', "keep", &state.keep,
                        N_("pass -k flag to git-mailinfo"), KEEP_TRUE),
                OPT_SET_INT(0, "keep-non-patch", &state.keep,
                        N_("pass -b flag to git-mailinfo"), KEEP_NON_PATCH),
                OPT_BOOL('m', "message-id", &state.message_id,
                        N_("pass -m flag to git-mailinfo")),
                { OPTION_SET_INT, 0, "keep-cr", &keep_cr, NULL,
                  N_("pass --keep-cr flag to git-mailsplit for mbox format"),
                  PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG, NULL, 1},
                { OPTION_SET_INT, 0, "no-keep-cr", &keep_cr, NULL,
                  N_("do not pass --keep-cr flag to git-mailsplit independent of am.keepcr"),
                  PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG, NULL, 0},
                OPT_BOOL('c', "scissors", &state.scissors,
                        N_("strip everything before a scissors line")),
                OPT_PASSTHRU_ARGV(0, "whitespace", &state.git_apply_opts, N_("action"),
                        N_("pass it through git-apply"),
                        0),
                OPT_PASSTHRU_ARGV(0, "ignore-space-change", &state.git_apply_opts, NULL,
                        N_("pass it through git-apply"),
                        PARSE_OPT_NOARG),
                OPT_PASSTHRU_ARGV(0, "ignore-whitespace", &state.git_apply_opts, NULL,
                        N_("pass it through git-apply"),
                        PARSE_OPT_NOARG),
                OPT_PASSTHRU_ARGV(0, "directory", &state.git_apply_opts, N_("root"),
                        N_("pass it through git-apply"),
                        0),
                OPT_PASSTHRU_ARGV(0, "exclude", &state.git_apply_opts, N_("path"),
                        N_("pass it through git-apply"),
                        0),
                OPT_PASSTHRU_ARGV(0, "include", &state.git_apply_opts, N_("path"),
                        N_("pass it through git-apply"),
                        0),
                OPT_PASSTHRU_ARGV('C', NULL, &state.git_apply_opts, N_("n"),
                        N_("pass it through git-apply"),
                        0),
                OPT_PASSTHRU_ARGV('p', NULL, &state.git_apply_opts, N_("num"),
                        N_("pass it through git-apply"),
                        0),
                OPT_CALLBACK(0, "patch-format", &patch_format, N_("format"),
                        N_("format the patch(es) are in"),
                        parse_opt_patchformat),
                OPT_PASSTHRU_ARGV(0, "reject", &state.git_apply_opts, NULL,
                        N_("pass it through git-apply"),
                        PARSE_OPT_NOARG),
                OPT_STRING(0, "resolvemsg", &state.resolvemsg, NULL,
                        N_("override error message when patch failure occurs")),
                OPT_CMDMODE(0, "continue", &resume,
                        N_("continue applying patches after resolving a conflict"),
                        RESUME_RESOLVED),
                OPT_CMDMODE('r', "resolved", &resume,
                        N_("synonyms for --continue"),
                        RESUME_RESOLVED),
                OPT_CMDMODE(0, "skip", &resume,
                        N_("skip the current patch"),
                        RESUME_SKIP),
                OPT_CMDMODE(0, "abort", &resume,
                        N_("restore the original branch and abort the patching operation."),
                        RESUME_ABORT),
                OPT_BOOL(0, "committer-date-is-author-date",
                        &state.committer_date_is_author_date,
                        N_("lie about committer date")),
                OPT_BOOL(0, "ignore-date", &state.ignore_date,
                        N_("use current timestamp for author date")),
                OPT_RERERE_AUTOUPDATE(&state.allow_rerere_autoupdate),
                { OPTION_STRING, 'S', "gpg-sign", &state.sign_commit, N_("key-id"),
                  N_("GPG-sign commits"),
                  PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, NULL, (intptr_t) "" },
                OPT_HIDDEN_BOOL(0, "rebasing", &state.rebasing,
                        N_("(internal use for git-rebase)")),
                OPT_END()
        };

        git_config(git_am_config, NULL);

        am_state_init(&state, git_path("rebase-apply"));

        in_progress = am_in_progress(&state);
        if (in_progress)
                am_load(&state);

        argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, usage, 0);

        if (binary >= 0)
                fprintf_ln(stderr, _("The -b/--binary option has been a no-op for long time, and\n"
                                "it will be removed. Please do not use it anymore."));

        /* Ensure a valid committer ident can be constructed */
        git_committer_info(IDENT_STRICT);

        if (read_index_preload(&the_index, NULL) < 0)
                die(_("failed to read the index"));

        if (in_progress) {
                /*
                 * Catch user error to feed us patches when there is a session
                 * in progress:
                 *
                 * 1. mbox path(s) are provided on the command-line.
                 * 2. stdin is not a tty: the user is trying to feed us a patch
                 *    from standard input. This is somewhat unreliable -- stdin
                 *    could be /dev/null for example and the caller did not
                 *    intend to feed us a patch but wanted to continue
                 *    unattended.
                 */
                if (argc || (resume == RESUME_FALSE && !isatty(0)))
                        die(_("previous rebase directory %s still exists but mbox given."),
                                state.dir);

                if (resume == RESUME_FALSE)
                        resume = RESUME_APPLY;

                if (state.signoff == SIGNOFF_EXPLICIT)
                        am_append_signoff(&state);
        } else {
                struct argv_array paths = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
                int i;

                /*
                 * Handle stray state directory in the independent-run case. In
                 * the --rebasing case, it is up to the caller to take care of
                 * stray directories.
                 */
                if (file_exists(state.dir) && !state.rebasing) {
                        if (resume == RESUME_ABORT) {
                                am_destroy(&state);
                                am_state_release(&state);
                                return 0;
                        }

                        die(_("Stray %s directory found.\n"
                                "Use \"git am --abort\" to remove it."),
                                state.dir);
                }

                if (resume)
                        die(_("Resolve operation not in progress, we are not resuming."));

                for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
                        if (is_absolute_path(argv[i]) || !prefix)
                                argv_array_push(&paths, argv[i]);
                        else
                                argv_array_push(&paths, mkpath("%s/%s", prefix, argv[i]));
                }

                am_setup(&state, patch_format, paths.argv, keep_cr);

                argv_array_clear(&paths);
        }

        switch (resume) {
        case RESUME_FALSE:
                am_run(&state, 0);
                break;
        case RESUME_APPLY:
                am_run(&state, 1);
                break;
        case RESUME_RESOLVED:
                am_resolve(&state);
                break;
        case RESUME_SKIP:
                am_skip(&state);
                break;
        case RESUME_ABORT:
                am_abort(&state);
                break;
        default:
                die("BUG: invalid resume value");
        }

        am_state_release(&state);

        return 0;
}