#ifndef CACHE_H
#define CACHE_H

#include "git-compat-util.h"
#include "strbuf.h"
#include "hashmap.h"
#include "list.h"
#include "advice.h"
#include "gettext.h"
#include "convert.h"
#include "trace.h"
#include "string-list.h"
#include "pack-revindex.h"
#include "hash.h"
#include "path.h"
#include "sha1-array.h"
#include "repository.h"
#include "mem-pool.h"

#include <zlib.h>
typedef struct git_zstream {
        z_stream z;
        unsigned long avail_in;
        unsigned long avail_out;
        unsigned long total_in;
        unsigned long total_out;
        unsigned char *next_in;
        unsigned char *next_out;
} git_zstream;

void git_inflate_init(git_zstream *);
void git_inflate_init_gzip_only(git_zstream *);
void git_inflate_end(git_zstream *);
int git_inflate(git_zstream *, int flush);

void git_deflate_init(git_zstream *, int level);
void git_deflate_init_gzip(git_zstream *, int level);
void git_deflate_init_raw(git_zstream *, int level);
void git_deflate_end(git_zstream *);
int git_deflate_abort(git_zstream *);
int git_deflate_end_gently(git_zstream *);
int git_deflate(git_zstream *, int flush);
unsigned long git_deflate_bound(git_zstream *, unsigned long);

/* The length in bytes and in hex digits of an object name (SHA-1 value). */
#define GIT_SHA1_RAWSZ 20
#define GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ (2 * GIT_SHA1_RAWSZ)

/* The length in byte and in hex digits of the largest possible hash value. */
#define GIT_MAX_RAWSZ GIT_SHA1_RAWSZ
#define GIT_MAX_HEXSZ GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ

struct object_id {
        unsigned char hash[GIT_MAX_RAWSZ];
};

#define the_hash_algo the_repository->hash_algo

#if defined(DT_UNKNOWN) && !defined(NO_D_TYPE_IN_DIRENT)
#define DTYPE(de)       ((de)->d_type)
#else
#undef DT_UNKNOWN
#undef DT_DIR
#undef DT_REG
#undef DT_LNK
#define DT_UNKNOWN      0
#define DT_DIR          1
#define DT_REG          2
#define DT_LNK          3
#define DTYPE(de)       DT_UNKNOWN
#endif

/* unknown mode (impossible combination S_IFIFO|S_IFCHR) */
#define S_IFINVALID     0030000

/*
 * A "directory link" is a link to another git directory.
 *
 * The value 0160000 is not normally a valid mode, and
 * also just happens to be S_IFDIR + S_IFLNK
 */
#define S_IFGITLINK     0160000
#define S_ISGITLINK(m)  (((m) & S_IFMT) == S_IFGITLINK)

/*
 * Some mode bits are also used internally for computations.
 *
 * They *must* not overlap with any valid modes, and they *must* not be emitted
 * to outside world - i.e. appear on disk or network. In other words, it's just
 * temporary fields, which we internally use, but they have to stay in-house.
 *
 * ( such approach is valid, as standard S_IF* fits into 16 bits, and in Git
 *   codebase mode is `unsigned int` which is assumed to be at least 32 bits )
 */

/* used internally in tree-diff */
#define S_DIFFTREE_IFXMIN_NEQ   0x80000000


/*
 * Intensive research over the course of many years has shown that
 * port 9418 is totally unused by anything else. Or
 *
 *      Your search - "port 9418" - did not match any documents.
 *
 * as www.google.com puts it.
 *
 * This port has been properly assigned for git use by IANA:
 * git (Assigned-9418) [I06-050728-0001].
 *
 *      git  9418/tcp   git pack transfer service
 *      git  9418/udp   git pack transfer service
 *
 * with Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> as the point of
 * contact. September 2005.
 *
 * See http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers
 */
#define DEFAULT_GIT_PORT 9418

/*
 * Basic data structures for the directory cache
 */

#define CACHE_SIGNATURE 0x44495243      /* "DIRC" */
struct cache_header {
        uint32_t hdr_signature;
        uint32_t hdr_version;
        uint32_t hdr_entries;
};

#define INDEX_FORMAT_LB 2
#define INDEX_FORMAT_UB 4

/*
 * The "cache_time" is just the low 32 bits of the
 * time. It doesn't matter if it overflows - we only
 * check it for equality in the 32 bits we save.
 */
struct cache_time {
        uint32_t sec;
        uint32_t nsec;
};

struct stat_data {
        struct cache_time sd_ctime;
        struct cache_time sd_mtime;
        unsigned int sd_dev;
        unsigned int sd_ino;
        unsigned int sd_uid;
        unsigned int sd_gid;
        unsigned int sd_size;
};

struct cache_entry {
        struct hashmap_entry ent;
        struct stat_data ce_stat_data;
        unsigned int ce_mode;
        unsigned int ce_flags;
        unsigned int mem_pool_allocated;
        unsigned int ce_namelen;
        unsigned int index;     /* for link extension */
        struct object_id oid;
        char name[FLEX_ARRAY]; /* more */
};

#define CE_STAGEMASK (0x3000)
#define CE_EXTENDED  (0x4000)
#define CE_VALID     (0x8000)
#define CE_STAGESHIFT 12

/*
 * Range 0xFFFF0FFF in ce_flags is divided into
 * two parts: in-memory flags and on-disk ones.
 * Flags in CE_EXTENDED_FLAGS will get saved on-disk
 * if you want to save a new flag, add it in
 * CE_EXTENDED_FLAGS
 *
 * In-memory only flags
 */
#define CE_UPDATE            (1 << 16)
#define CE_REMOVE            (1 << 17)
#define CE_UPTODATE          (1 << 18)
#define CE_ADDED             (1 << 19)

#define CE_HASHED            (1 << 20)
#define CE_FSMONITOR_VALID   (1 << 21)
#define CE_WT_REMOVE         (1 << 22) /* remove in work directory */
#define CE_CONFLICTED        (1 << 23)

#define CE_UNPACKED          (1 << 24)
#define CE_NEW_SKIP_WORKTREE (1 << 25)

/* used to temporarily mark paths matched by pathspecs */
#define CE_MATCHED           (1 << 26)

#define CE_UPDATE_IN_BASE    (1 << 27)
#define CE_STRIP_NAME        (1 << 28)

/*
 * Extended on-disk flags
 */
#define CE_INTENT_TO_ADD     (1 << 29)
#define CE_SKIP_WORKTREE     (1 << 30)
/* CE_EXTENDED2 is for future extension */
#define CE_EXTENDED2         (1U << 31)

#define CE_EXTENDED_FLAGS (CE_INTENT_TO_ADD | CE_SKIP_WORKTREE)

/*
 * Safeguard to avoid saving wrong flags:
 *  - CE_EXTENDED2 won't get saved until its semantic is known
 *  - Bits in 0x0000FFFF have been saved in ce_flags already
 *  - Bits in 0x003F0000 are currently in-memory flags
 */
#if CE_EXTENDED_FLAGS & 0x803FFFFF
#error "CE_EXTENDED_FLAGS out of range"
#endif

/* Forward structure decls */
struct pathspec;
struct child_process;
struct tree;

/*
 * Copy the sha1 and stat state of a cache entry from one to
 * another. But we never change the name, or the hash state!
 */
static inline void copy_cache_entry(struct cache_entry *dst,
                                    const struct cache_entry *src)
{
        unsigned int state = dst->ce_flags & CE_HASHED;
        int mem_pool_allocated = dst->mem_pool_allocated;

        /* Don't copy hash chain and name */
        memcpy(&dst->ce_stat_data, &src->ce_stat_data,
                        offsetof(struct cache_entry, name) -
                        offsetof(struct cache_entry, ce_stat_data));

        /* Restore the hash state */
        dst->ce_flags = (dst->ce_flags & ~CE_HASHED) | state;

        /* Restore the mem_pool_allocated flag */
        dst->mem_pool_allocated = mem_pool_allocated;
}

static inline unsigned create_ce_flags(unsigned stage)
{
        return (stage << CE_STAGESHIFT);
}

#define ce_namelen(ce) ((ce)->ce_namelen)
#define ce_size(ce) cache_entry_size(ce_namelen(ce))
#define ce_stage(ce) ((CE_STAGEMASK & (ce)->ce_flags) >> CE_STAGESHIFT)
#define ce_uptodate(ce) ((ce)->ce_flags & CE_UPTODATE)
#define ce_skip_worktree(ce) ((ce)->ce_flags & CE_SKIP_WORKTREE)
#define ce_mark_uptodate(ce) ((ce)->ce_flags |= CE_UPTODATE)
#define ce_intent_to_add(ce) ((ce)->ce_flags & CE_INTENT_TO_ADD)

#define ce_permissions(mode) (((mode) & 0100) ? 0755 : 0644)
static inline unsigned int create_ce_mode(unsigned int mode)
{
        if (S_ISLNK(mode))
                return S_IFLNK;
        if (S_ISDIR(mode) || S_ISGITLINK(mode))
                return S_IFGITLINK;
        return S_IFREG | ce_permissions(mode);
}
static inline unsigned int ce_mode_from_stat(const struct cache_entry *ce,
                                             unsigned int mode)
{
        extern int trust_executable_bit, has_symlinks;
        if (!has_symlinks && S_ISREG(mode) &&
            ce && S_ISLNK(ce->ce_mode))
                return ce->ce_mode;
        if (!trust_executable_bit && S_ISREG(mode)) {
                if (ce && S_ISREG(ce->ce_mode))
                        return ce->ce_mode;
                return create_ce_mode(0666);
        }
        return create_ce_mode(mode);
}
static inline int ce_to_dtype(const struct cache_entry *ce)
{
        unsigned ce_mode = ntohl(ce->ce_mode);
        if (S_ISREG(ce_mode))
                return DT_REG;
        else if (S_ISDIR(ce_mode) || S_ISGITLINK(ce_mode))
                return DT_DIR;
        else if (S_ISLNK(ce_mode))
                return DT_LNK;
        else
                return DT_UNKNOWN;
}
static inline unsigned int canon_mode(unsigned int mode)
{
        if (S_ISREG(mode))
                return S_IFREG | ce_permissions(mode);
        if (S_ISLNK(mode))
                return S_IFLNK;
        if (S_ISDIR(mode))
                return S_IFDIR;
        return S_IFGITLINK;
}

#define cache_entry_size(len) (offsetof(struct cache_entry,name) + (len) + 1)

#define SOMETHING_CHANGED       (1 << 0) /* unclassified changes go here */
#define CE_ENTRY_CHANGED        (1 << 1)
#define CE_ENTRY_REMOVED        (1 << 2)
#define CE_ENTRY_ADDED          (1 << 3)
#define RESOLVE_UNDO_CHANGED    (1 << 4)
#define CACHE_TREE_CHANGED      (1 << 5)
#define SPLIT_INDEX_ORDERED     (1 << 6)
#define UNTRACKED_CHANGED       (1 << 7)
#define FSMONITOR_CHANGED       (1 << 8)

struct split_index;
struct untracked_cache;

struct index_state {
        struct cache_entry **cache;
        unsigned int version;
        unsigned int cache_nr, cache_alloc, cache_changed;
        struct string_list *resolve_undo;
        struct cache_tree *cache_tree;
        struct split_index *split_index;
        struct cache_time timestamp;
        unsigned name_hash_initialized : 1,
                 initialized : 1,
                 drop_cache_tree : 1;
        struct hashmap name_hash;
        struct hashmap dir_hash;
        struct object_id oid;
        struct untracked_cache *untracked;
        uint64_t fsmonitor_last_update;
        struct ewah_bitmap *fsmonitor_dirty;
        struct mem_pool *ce_mem_pool;
};

extern struct index_state the_index;

/* Name hashing */
extern int test_lazy_init_name_hash(struct index_state *istate, int try_threaded);
extern void add_name_hash(struct index_state *istate, struct cache_entry *ce);
extern void remove_name_hash(struct index_state *istate, struct cache_entry *ce);
extern void free_name_hash(struct index_state *istate);


/* Cache entry creation and cleanup */

/*
 * Create cache_entry intended for use in the specified index. Caller
 * is responsible for discarding the cache_entry with
 * `discard_cache_entry`.
 */
struct cache_entry *make_cache_entry(struct index_state *istate,
                                     unsigned int mode,
                                     const struct object_id *oid,
                                     const char *path,
                                     int stage,
                                     unsigned int refresh_options);

struct cache_entry *make_empty_cache_entry(struct index_state *istate,
                                           size_t name_len);

/*
 * Create a cache_entry that is not intended to be added to an index.
 * Caller is responsible for discarding the cache_entry
 * with `discard_cache_entry`.
 */
struct cache_entry *make_transient_cache_entry(unsigned int mode,
                                               const struct object_id *oid,
                                               const char *path,
                                               int stage);

struct cache_entry *make_empty_transient_cache_entry(size_t name_len);

/*
 * Discard cache entry.
 */
void discard_cache_entry(struct cache_entry *ce);

/*
 * Check configuration if we should perform extra validation on cache
 * entries.
 */
int should_validate_cache_entries(void);

/*
 * Duplicate a cache_entry. Allocate memory for the new entry from a
 * memory_pool. Takes into account cache_entry fields that are meant
 * for managing the underlying memory allocation of the cache_entry.
 */
struct cache_entry *dup_cache_entry(const struct cache_entry *ce, struct index_state *istate);

/*
 * Validate the cache entries in the index.  This is an internal
 * consistency check that the cache_entry structs are allocated from
 * the expected memory pool.
 */
void validate_cache_entries(const struct index_state *istate);

#ifndef NO_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
#define active_cache (the_index.cache)
#define active_nr (the_index.cache_nr)
#define active_alloc (the_index.cache_alloc)
#define active_cache_changed (the_index.cache_changed)
#define active_cache_tree (the_index.cache_tree)

#define read_cache() read_index(&the_index)
#define read_cache_from(path) read_index_from(&the_index, (path), (get_git_dir()))
#define read_cache_preload(pathspec) read_index_preload(&the_index, (pathspec), 0)
#define is_cache_unborn() is_index_unborn(&the_index)
#define read_cache_unmerged() read_index_unmerged(&the_index)
#define discard_cache() discard_index(&the_index)
#define unmerged_cache() unmerged_index(&the_index)
#define cache_name_pos(name, namelen) index_name_pos(&the_index,(name),(namelen))
#define add_cache_entry(ce, option) add_index_entry(&the_index, (ce), (option))
#define rename_cache_entry_at(pos, new_name) rename_index_entry_at(&the_index, (pos), (new_name))
#define remove_cache_entry_at(pos) remove_index_entry_at(&the_index, (pos))
#define remove_file_from_cache(path) remove_file_from_index(&the_index, (path))
#define add_to_cache(path, st, flags) add_to_index(&the_index, (path), (st), (flags))
#define add_file_to_cache(path, flags) add_file_to_index(&the_index, (path), (flags))
#define chmod_cache_entry(ce, flip) chmod_index_entry(&the_index, (ce), (flip))
#define refresh_cache(flags) refresh_index(&the_index, (flags), NULL, NULL, NULL)
#define ce_match_stat(ce, st, options) ie_match_stat(&the_index, (ce), (st), (options))
#define ce_modified(ce, st, options) ie_modified(&the_index, (ce), (st), (options))
#define cache_dir_exists(name, namelen) index_dir_exists(&the_index, (name), (namelen))
#define cache_file_exists(name, namelen, igncase) index_file_exists(&the_index, (name), (namelen), (igncase))
#define cache_name_is_other(name, namelen) index_name_is_other(&the_index, (name), (namelen))
#define resolve_undo_clear() resolve_undo_clear_index(&the_index)
#define unmerge_cache_entry_at(at) unmerge_index_entry_at(&the_index, at)
#define unmerge_cache(pathspec) unmerge_index(&the_index, pathspec)
#define read_blob_data_from_cache(path, sz) read_blob_data_from_index(&the_index, (path), (sz))
#endif

#define TYPE_BITS 3

/*
 * Values in this enum (except those outside the 3 bit range) are part
 * of pack file format. See Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt
 * for more information.
 */
enum object_type {
        OBJ_BAD = -1,
        OBJ_NONE = 0,
        OBJ_COMMIT = 1,
        OBJ_TREE = 2,
        OBJ_BLOB = 3,
        OBJ_TAG = 4,
        /* 5 for future expansion */
        OBJ_OFS_DELTA = 6,
        OBJ_REF_DELTA = 7,
        OBJ_ANY,
        OBJ_MAX
};

static inline enum object_type object_type(unsigned int mode)
{
        return S_ISDIR(mode) ? OBJ_TREE :
                S_ISGITLINK(mode) ? OBJ_COMMIT :
                OBJ_BLOB;
}

/* Double-check local_repo_env below if you add to this list. */
#define GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_DIR"
#define GIT_COMMON_DIR_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_COMMON_DIR"
#define GIT_NAMESPACE_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_NAMESPACE"
#define GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_WORK_TREE"
#define GIT_PREFIX_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_PREFIX"
#define GIT_SUPER_PREFIX_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_INTERNAL_SUPER_PREFIX"
#define DEFAULT_GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT ".git"
#define DB_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY"
#define INDEX_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_INDEX_FILE"
#define GRAFT_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_GRAFT_FILE"
#define GIT_SHALLOW_FILE_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_SHALLOW_FILE"
#define TEMPLATE_DIR_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_TEMPLATE_DIR"
#define CONFIG_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_CONFIG"
#define CONFIG_DATA_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_CONFIG_PARAMETERS"
#define EXEC_PATH_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_EXEC_PATH"
#define CEILING_DIRECTORIES_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES"
#define NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS"
#define GIT_REPLACE_REF_BASE_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_REPLACE_REF_BASE"
#define GITATTRIBUTES_FILE ".gitattributes"
#define INFOATTRIBUTES_FILE "info/attributes"
#define ATTRIBUTE_MACRO_PREFIX "[attr]"
#define GITMODULES_FILE ".gitmodules"
#define GIT_NOTES_REF_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_NOTES_REF"
#define GIT_NOTES_DEFAULT_REF "refs/notes/commits"
#define GIT_NOTES_DISPLAY_REF_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_NOTES_DISPLAY_REF"
#define GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_REF_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_REF"
#define GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_MODE_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_MODE"
#define GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS"
#define GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS"
#define GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS"
#define GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS"
#define GIT_QUARANTINE_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_QUARANTINE_PATH"
#define GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS"
#define GIT_TEXT_DOMAIN_DIR_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_TEXTDOMAINDIR"

/*
 * Environment variable used in handshaking the wire protocol.
 * Contains a colon ':' separated list of keys with optional values
 * 'key[=value]'.  Presence of unknown keys and values must be
 * ignored.
 */
#define GIT_PROTOCOL_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_PROTOCOL"
/* HTTP header used to handshake the wire protocol */
#define GIT_PROTOCOL_HEADER "Git-Protocol"

/*
 * This environment variable is expected to contain a boolean indicating
 * whether we should or should not treat:
 *
 *   GIT_DIR=foo.git git ...
 *
 * as if GIT_WORK_TREE=. was given. It's not expected that users will make use
 * of this, but we use it internally to communicate to sub-processes that we
 * are in a bare repo. If not set, defaults to true.
 */
#define GIT_IMPLICIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_IMPLICIT_WORK_TREE"

/*
 * Repository-local GIT_* environment variables; these will be cleared
 * when git spawns a sub-process that runs inside another repository.
 * The array is NULL-terminated, which makes it easy to pass in the "env"
 * parameter of a run-command invocation, or to do a simple walk.
 */
extern const char * const local_repo_env[];

extern void setup_git_env(const char *git_dir);

/*
 * Returns true iff we have a configured git repository (either via
 * setup_git_directory, or in the environment via $GIT_DIR).
 */
int have_git_dir(void);

extern int is_bare_repository_cfg;
extern int is_bare_repository(void);
extern int is_inside_git_dir(void);
extern char *git_work_tree_cfg;
extern int is_inside_work_tree(void);
extern const char *get_git_dir(void);
extern const char *get_git_common_dir(void);
extern char *get_object_directory(void);
extern char *get_index_file(void);
extern char *get_graft_file(struct repository *r);
extern void set_git_dir(const char *path);
extern int get_common_dir_noenv(struct strbuf *sb, const char *gitdir);
extern int get_common_dir(struct strbuf *sb, const char *gitdir);
extern const char *get_git_namespace(void);
extern const char *strip_namespace(const char *namespaced_ref);
extern const char *get_super_prefix(void);
extern const char *get_git_work_tree(void);

/*
 * Return true if the given path is a git directory; note that this _just_
 * looks at the directory itself. If you want to know whether "foo/.git"
 * is a repository, you must feed that path, not just "foo".
 */
extern int is_git_directory(const char *path);

/*
 * Return 1 if the given path is the root of a git repository or
 * submodule, else 0. Will not return 1 for bare repositories with the
 * exception of creating a bare repository in "foo/.git" and calling
 * is_git_repository("foo").
 *
 * If we run into read errors, we err on the side of saying "yes, it is",
 * as we usually consider sub-repos precious, and would prefer to err on the
 * side of not disrupting or deleting them.
 */
extern int is_nonbare_repository_dir(struct strbuf *path);

#define READ_GITFILE_ERR_STAT_FAILED 1
#define READ_GITFILE_ERR_NOT_A_FILE 2
#define READ_GITFILE_ERR_OPEN_FAILED 3
#define READ_GITFILE_ERR_READ_FAILED 4
#define READ_GITFILE_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT 5
#define READ_GITFILE_ERR_NO_PATH 6
#define READ_GITFILE_ERR_NOT_A_REPO 7
#define READ_GITFILE_ERR_TOO_LARGE 8
extern void read_gitfile_error_die(int error_code, const char *path, const char *dir);
extern const char *read_gitfile_gently(const char *path, int *return_error_code);
#define read_gitfile(path) read_gitfile_gently((path), NULL)
extern const char *resolve_gitdir_gently(const char *suspect, int *return_error_code);
#define resolve_gitdir(path) resolve_gitdir_gently((path), NULL)

extern void set_git_work_tree(const char *tree);

#define ALTERNATE_DB_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES"

extern void setup_work_tree(void);
/*
 * Find the commondir and gitdir of the repository that contains the current
 * working directory, without changing the working directory or other global
 * state. The result is appended to commondir and gitdir.  If the discovered
 * gitdir does not correspond to a worktree, then 'commondir' and 'gitdir' will
 * both have the same result appended to the buffer.  The return value is
 * either 0 upon success and non-zero if no repository was found.
 */
extern int discover_git_directory(struct strbuf *commondir,
                                  struct strbuf *gitdir);
extern const char *setup_git_directory_gently(int *);
extern const char *setup_git_directory(void);
extern char *prefix_path(const char *prefix, int len, const char *path);
extern char *prefix_path_gently(const char *prefix, int len, int *remaining, const char *path);

/*
 * Concatenate "prefix" (if len is non-zero) and "path", with no
 * connecting characters (so "prefix" should end with a "/").
 * Unlike prefix_path, this should be used if the named file does
 * not have to interact with index entry; i.e. name of a random file
 * on the filesystem.
 *
 * The return value is always a newly allocated string (even if the
 * prefix was empty).
 */
extern char *prefix_filename(const char *prefix, const char *path);

extern int check_filename(const char *prefix, const char *name);
extern void verify_filename(const char *prefix,
                            const char *name,
                            int diagnose_misspelt_rev);
extern void verify_non_filename(const char *prefix, const char *name);
extern int path_inside_repo(const char *prefix, const char *path);

#define INIT_DB_QUIET 0x0001
#define INIT_DB_EXIST_OK 0x0002

extern int init_db(const char *git_dir, const char *real_git_dir,
                   const char *template_dir, unsigned int flags);

extern void sanitize_stdfds(void);
extern int daemonize(void);

#define alloc_nr(x) (((x)+16)*3/2)

/*
 * Realloc the buffer pointed at by variable 'x' so that it can hold
 * at least 'nr' entries; the number of entries currently allocated
 * is 'alloc', using the standard growing factor alloc_nr() macro.
 *
 * DO NOT USE any expression with side-effect for 'x', 'nr', or 'alloc'.
 */
#define ALLOC_GROW(x, nr, alloc) \
        do { \
                if ((nr) > alloc) { \
                        if (alloc_nr(alloc) < (nr)) \
                                alloc = (nr); \
                        else \
                                alloc = alloc_nr(alloc); \
                        REALLOC_ARRAY(x, alloc); \
                } \
        } while (0)

/* Initialize and use the cache information */
struct lock_file;
extern int read_index(struct index_state *);
extern int read_index_preload(struct index_state *,
                              const struct pathspec *pathspec,
                              unsigned int refresh_flags);
extern int do_read_index(struct index_state *istate, const char *path,
                         int must_exist); /* for testting only! */
extern int read_index_from(struct index_state *, const char *path,
                           const char *gitdir);
extern int is_index_unborn(struct index_state *);
extern int read_index_unmerged(struct index_state *);

/* For use with `write_locked_index()`. */
#define COMMIT_LOCK             (1 << 0)
#define SKIP_IF_UNCHANGED       (1 << 1)

/*
 * Write the index while holding an already-taken lock. Close the lock,
 * and if `COMMIT_LOCK` is given, commit it.
 *
 * Unless a split index is in use, write the index into the lockfile.
 *
 * With a split index, write the shared index to a temporary file,
 * adjust its permissions and rename it into place, then write the
 * split index to the lockfile. If the temporary file for the shared
 * index cannot be created, fall back to the behavior described in
 * the previous paragraph.
 *
 * With `COMMIT_LOCK`, the lock is always committed or rolled back.
 * Without it, the lock is closed, but neither committed nor rolled
 * back.
 *
 * If `SKIP_IF_UNCHANGED` is given and the index is unchanged, nothing
 * is written (and the lock is rolled back if `COMMIT_LOCK` is given).
 */
extern int write_locked_index(struct index_state *, struct lock_file *lock, unsigned flags);

extern int discard_index(struct index_state *);
extern void move_index_extensions(struct index_state *dst, struct index_state *src);
extern int unmerged_index(const struct index_state *);

/**
 * Returns 1 if istate differs from tree, 0 otherwise.  If tree is NULL,
 * compares istate to HEAD.  If tree is NULL and on an unborn branch,
 * returns 1 if there are entries in istate, 0 otherwise.  If an strbuf is
 * provided, the space-separated list of files that differ will be appended
 * to it.
 */
extern int index_has_changes(struct index_state *istate,
                             struct tree *tree,
                             struct strbuf *sb);

extern int verify_path(const char *path, unsigned mode);
extern int strcmp_offset(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t *first_change);
extern int index_dir_exists(struct index_state *istate, const char *name, int namelen);
extern void adjust_dirname_case(struct index_state *istate, char *name);
extern struct cache_entry *index_file_exists(struct index_state *istate, const char *name, int namelen, int igncase);

/*
 * Searches for an entry defined by name and namelen in the given index.
 * If the return value is positive (including 0) it is the position of an
 * exact match. If the return value is negative, the negated value minus 1
 * is the position where the entry would be inserted.
 * Example: The current index consists of these files and its stages:
 *
 *   b#0, d#0, f#1, f#3
 *
 * index_name_pos(&index, "a", 1) -> -1
 * index_name_pos(&index, "b", 1) ->  0
 * index_name_pos(&index, "c", 1) -> -2
 * index_name_pos(&index, "d", 1) ->  1
 * index_name_pos(&index, "e", 1) -> -3
 * index_name_pos(&index, "f", 1) -> -3
 * index_name_pos(&index, "g", 1) -> -5
 */
extern int index_name_pos(const struct index_state *, const char *name, int namelen);

#define ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD 1           /* Ok to add */
#define ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_REPLACE 2       /* Ok to replace file/directory */
#define ADD_CACHE_SKIP_DFCHECK 4        /* Ok to skip DF conflict checks */
#define ADD_CACHE_JUST_APPEND 8         /* Append only; tree.c::read_tree() */
#define ADD_CACHE_NEW_ONLY 16           /* Do not replace existing ones */
#define ADD_CACHE_KEEP_CACHE_TREE 32    /* Do not invalidate cache-tree */
extern int add_index_entry(struct index_state *, struct cache_entry *ce, int option);
extern void rename_index_entry_at(struct index_state *, int pos, const char *new_name);

/* Remove entry, return true if there are more entries to go. */
extern int remove_index_entry_at(struct index_state *, int pos);

extern void remove_marked_cache_entries(struct index_state *istate);
extern int remove_file_from_index(struct index_state *, const char *path);
#define ADD_CACHE_VERBOSE 1
#define ADD_CACHE_PRETEND 2
#define ADD_CACHE_IGNORE_ERRORS 4
#define ADD_CACHE_IGNORE_REMOVAL 8
#define ADD_CACHE_INTENT 16
/*
 * These two are used to add the contents of the file at path
 * to the index, marking the working tree up-to-date by storing
 * the cached stat info in the resulting cache entry.  A caller
 * that has already run lstat(2) on the path can call
 * add_to_index(), and all others can call add_file_to_index();
 * the latter will do necessary lstat(2) internally before
 * calling the former.
 */
extern int add_to_index(struct index_state *, const char *path, struct stat *, int flags);
extern int add_file_to_index(struct index_state *, const char *path, int flags);

extern int chmod_index_entry(struct index_state *, struct cache_entry *ce, char flip);
extern int ce_same_name(const struct cache_entry *a, const struct cache_entry *b);
extern void set_object_name_for_intent_to_add_entry(struct cache_entry *ce);
extern int index_name_is_other(const struct index_state *, const char *, int);
extern void *read_blob_data_from_index(const struct index_state *, const char *, unsigned long *);

/* do stat comparison even if CE_VALID is true */
#define CE_MATCH_IGNORE_VALID           01
/* do not check the contents but report dirty on racily-clean entries */
#define CE_MATCH_RACY_IS_DIRTY          02
/* do stat comparison even if CE_SKIP_WORKTREE is true */
#define CE_MATCH_IGNORE_SKIP_WORKTREE   04
/* ignore non-existent files during stat update  */
#define CE_MATCH_IGNORE_MISSING         0x08
/* enable stat refresh */
#define CE_MATCH_REFRESH                0x10
/* don't refresh_fsmonitor state or do stat comparison even if CE_FSMONITOR_VALID is true */
#define CE_MATCH_IGNORE_FSMONITOR 0X20
extern int is_racy_timestamp(const struct index_state *istate,
                             const struct cache_entry *ce);
extern int ie_match_stat(struct index_state *, const struct cache_entry *, struct stat *, unsigned int);
extern int ie_modified(struct index_state *, const struct cache_entry *, struct stat *, unsigned int);

#define HASH_WRITE_OBJECT 1
#define HASH_FORMAT_CHECK 2
#define HASH_RENORMALIZE  4
extern int index_fd(struct index_state *istate, struct object_id *oid, int fd, struct stat *st, enum object_type type, const char *path, unsigned flags);
extern int index_path(struct index_state *istate, struct object_id *oid, const char *path, struct stat *st, unsigned flags);

/*
 * Record to sd the data from st that we use to check whether a file
 * might have changed.
 */
extern void fill_stat_data(struct stat_data *sd, struct stat *st);

/*
 * Return 0 if st is consistent with a file not having been changed
 * since sd was filled.  If there are differences, return a
 * combination of MTIME_CHANGED, CTIME_CHANGED, OWNER_CHANGED,
 * INODE_CHANGED, and DATA_CHANGED.
 */
extern int match_stat_data(const struct stat_data *sd, struct stat *st);
extern int match_stat_data_racy(const struct index_state *istate,
                                const struct stat_data *sd, struct stat *st);

extern void fill_stat_cache_info(struct cache_entry *ce, struct stat *st);

#define REFRESH_REALLY          0x0001  /* ignore_valid */
#define REFRESH_UNMERGED        0x0002  /* allow unmerged */
#define REFRESH_QUIET           0x0004  /* be quiet about it */
#define REFRESH_IGNORE_MISSING  0x0008  /* ignore non-existent */
#define REFRESH_IGNORE_SUBMODULES       0x0010  /* ignore submodules */
#define REFRESH_IN_PORCELAIN    0x0020  /* user friendly output, not "needs update" */
#define REFRESH_PROGRESS        0x0040  /* show progress bar if stderr is tty */
extern int refresh_index(struct index_state *, unsigned int flags, const struct pathspec *pathspec, char *seen, const char *header_msg);
extern struct cache_entry *refresh_cache_entry(struct index_state *, struct cache_entry *, unsigned int);

/*
 * Opportunistically update the index but do not complain if we can't.
 * The lockfile is always committed or rolled back.
 */
extern void update_index_if_able(struct index_state *, struct lock_file *);

extern int hold_locked_index(struct lock_file *, int);
extern void set_alternate_index_output(const char *);

extern int verify_index_checksum;
extern int verify_ce_order;

/* Environment bits from configuration mechanism */
extern int trust_executable_bit;
extern int trust_ctime;
extern int check_stat;
extern int quote_path_fully;
extern int has_symlinks;
extern int minimum_abbrev, default_abbrev;
extern int ignore_case;
extern int assume_unchanged;
extern int prefer_symlink_refs;
extern int warn_ambiguous_refs;
extern int warn_on_object_refname_ambiguity;
extern const char *apply_default_whitespace;
extern const char *apply_default_ignorewhitespace;
extern const char *git_attributes_file;
extern const char *git_hooks_path;
extern int zlib_compression_level;
extern int core_compression_level;
extern int pack_compression_level;
extern size_t packed_git_window_size;
extern size_t packed_git_limit;
extern size_t delta_base_cache_limit;
extern unsigned long big_file_threshold;
extern unsigned long pack_size_limit_cfg;

/*
 * Accessors for the core.sharedrepository config which lazy-load the value
 * from the config (if not already set). The "reset" function can be
 * used to unset "set" or cached value, meaning that the value will be loaded
 * fresh from the config file on the next call to get_shared_repository().
 */
void set_shared_repository(int value);
int get_shared_repository(void);
void reset_shared_repository(void);

/*
 * Do replace refs need to be checked this run?  This variable is
 * initialized to true unless --no-replace-object is used or
 * $GIT_NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS is set, but is set to false by some
 * commands that do not want replace references to be active.
 */
extern int read_replace_refs;
extern char *git_replace_ref_base;

extern int fsync_object_files;
extern int core_preload_index;
extern int core_apply_sparse_checkout;
extern int precomposed_unicode;
extern int protect_hfs;
extern int protect_ntfs;
extern const char *core_fsmonitor;

/*
 * Include broken refs in all ref iterations, which will
 * generally choke dangerous operations rather than letting
 * them silently proceed without taking the broken ref into
 * account.
 */
extern int ref_paranoia;

/*
 * Returns the boolean value of $GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS (or the default value).
 */
int use_optional_locks(void);

/*
 * The character that begins a commented line in user-editable file
 * that is subject to stripspace.
 */
extern char comment_line_char;
extern int auto_comment_line_char;

enum log_refs_config {
        LOG_REFS_UNSET = -1,
        LOG_REFS_NONE = 0,
        LOG_REFS_NORMAL,
        LOG_REFS_ALWAYS
};
extern enum log_refs_config log_all_ref_updates;

enum rebase_setup_type {
        AUTOREBASE_NEVER = 0,
        AUTOREBASE_LOCAL,
        AUTOREBASE_REMOTE,
        AUTOREBASE_ALWAYS
};

enum push_default_type {
        PUSH_DEFAULT_NOTHING = 0,
        PUSH_DEFAULT_MATCHING,
        PUSH_DEFAULT_SIMPLE,
        PUSH_DEFAULT_UPSTREAM,
        PUSH_DEFAULT_CURRENT,
        PUSH_DEFAULT_UNSPECIFIED
};

extern enum rebase_setup_type autorebase;
extern enum push_default_type push_default;

enum object_creation_mode {
        OBJECT_CREATION_USES_HARDLINKS = 0,
        OBJECT_CREATION_USES_RENAMES = 1
};

extern enum object_creation_mode object_creation_mode;

extern char *notes_ref_name;

extern int grafts_replace_parents;

/*
 * GIT_REPO_VERSION is the version we write by default. The
 * _READ variant is the highest number we know how to
 * handle.
 */
#define GIT_REPO_VERSION 0
#define GIT_REPO_VERSION_READ 1
extern int repository_format_precious_objects;
extern char *repository_format_partial_clone;
extern const char *core_partial_clone_filter_default;
extern int repository_format_worktree_config;

struct repository_format {
        int version;
        int precious_objects;
        char *partial_clone; /* value of extensions.partialclone */
        int worktree_config;
        int is_bare;
        int hash_algo;
        char *work_tree;
        struct string_list unknown_extensions;
};

/*
 * Read the repository format characteristics from the config file "path" into
 * "format" struct. Returns the numeric version. On error, -1 is returned,
 * format->version is set to -1, and all other fields in the struct are
 * undefined.
 */
int read_repository_format(struct repository_format *format, const char *path);

/*
 * Verify that the repository described by repository_format is something we
 * can read. If it is, return 0. Otherwise, return -1, and "err" will describe
 * any errors encountered.
 */
int verify_repository_format(const struct repository_format *format,
                             struct strbuf *err);

/*
 * Check the repository format version in the path found in get_git_dir(),
 * and die if it is a version we don't understand. Generally one would
 * set_git_dir() before calling this, and use it only for "are we in a valid
 * repo?".
 */
extern void check_repository_format(void);

#define MTIME_CHANGED   0x0001
#define CTIME_CHANGED   0x0002
#define OWNER_CHANGED   0x0004
#define MODE_CHANGED    0x0008
#define INODE_CHANGED   0x0010
#define DATA_CHANGED    0x0020
#define TYPE_CHANGED    0x0040

/*
 * Return an abbreviated sha1 unique within this repository's object database.
 * The result will be at least `len` characters long, and will be NUL
 * terminated.
 *
 * The non-`_r` version returns a static buffer which remains valid until 4
 * more calls to find_unique_abbrev are made.
 *
 * The `_r` variant writes to a buffer supplied by the caller, which must be at
 * least `GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + 1` bytes. The return value is the number of bytes
 * written (excluding the NUL terminator).
 *
 * Note that while this version avoids the static buffer, it is not fully
 * reentrant, as it calls into other non-reentrant git code.
 */
extern const char *find_unique_abbrev(const struct object_id *oid, int len);
extern int find_unique_abbrev_r(char *hex, const struct object_id *oid, int len);

extern const unsigned char null_sha1[GIT_MAX_RAWSZ];
extern const struct object_id null_oid;

static inline int hashcmp(const unsigned char *sha1, const unsigned char *sha2)
{
        /*
         * This is a temporary optimization hack. By asserting the size here,
         * we let the compiler know that it's always going to be 20, which lets
         * it turn this fixed-size memcmp into a few inline instructions.
         *
         * This will need to be extended or ripped out when we learn about
         * hashes of different sizes.
         */
        if (the_hash_algo->rawsz != 20)
                BUG("hash size not yet supported by hashcmp");
        return memcmp(sha1, sha2, the_hash_algo->rawsz);
}

static inline int oidcmp(const struct object_id *oid1, const struct object_id *oid2)
{
        return hashcmp(oid1->hash, oid2->hash);
}

static inline int hasheq(const unsigned char *sha1, const unsigned char *sha2)
{
        return !hashcmp(sha1, sha2);
}

static inline int oideq(const struct object_id *oid1, const struct object_id *oid2)
{
        return hasheq(oid1->hash, oid2->hash);
}

static inline int is_null_sha1(const unsigned char *sha1)
{
        return hasheq(sha1, null_sha1);
}

static inline int is_null_oid(const struct object_id *oid)
{
        return hasheq(oid->hash, null_sha1);
}

static inline void hashcpy(unsigned char *sha_dst, const unsigned char *sha_src)
{
        memcpy(sha_dst, sha_src, the_hash_algo->rawsz);
}

static inline void oidcpy(struct object_id *dst, const struct object_id *src)
{
        hashcpy(dst->hash, src->hash);
}

static inline struct object_id *oiddup(const struct object_id *src)
{
        struct object_id *dst = xmalloc(sizeof(struct object_id));
        oidcpy(dst, src);
        return dst;
}

static inline void hashclr(unsigned char *hash)
{
        memset(hash, 0, the_hash_algo->rawsz);
}

static inline void oidclr(struct object_id *oid)
{
        memset(oid->hash, 0, GIT_MAX_RAWSZ);
}

static inline void oidread(struct object_id *oid, const unsigned char *hash)
{
        memcpy(oid->hash, hash, the_hash_algo->rawsz);
}

static inline int is_empty_blob_sha1(const unsigned char *sha1)
{
        return hasheq(sha1, the_hash_algo->empty_blob->hash);
}

static inline int is_empty_blob_oid(const struct object_id *oid)
{
        return oideq(oid, the_hash_algo->empty_blob);
}

static inline int is_empty_tree_sha1(const unsigned char *sha1)
{
        return hasheq(sha1, the_hash_algo->empty_tree->hash);
}

static inline int is_empty_tree_oid(const struct object_id *oid)
{
        return oideq(oid, the_hash_algo->empty_tree);
}

const char *empty_tree_oid_hex(void);
const char *empty_blob_oid_hex(void);

/* set default permissions by passing mode arguments to open(2) */
int git_mkstemps_mode(char *pattern, int suffix_len, int mode);
int git_mkstemp_mode(char *pattern, int mode);

/*
 * NOTE NOTE NOTE!!
 *
 * PERM_UMASK, OLD_PERM_GROUP and OLD_PERM_EVERYBODY enumerations must
 * not be changed. Old repositories have core.sharedrepository written in
 * numeric format, and therefore these values are preserved for compatibility
 * reasons.
 */
enum sharedrepo {
        PERM_UMASK          = 0,
        OLD_PERM_GROUP      = 1,
        OLD_PERM_EVERYBODY  = 2,
        PERM_GROUP          = 0660,
        PERM_EVERYBODY      = 0664
};
int git_config_perm(const char *var, const char *value);
int adjust_shared_perm(const char *path);

/*
 * Create the directory containing the named path, using care to be
 * somewhat safe against races. Return one of the scld_error values to
 * indicate success/failure. On error, set errno to describe the
 * problem.
 *
 * SCLD_VANISHED indicates that one of the ancestor directories of the
 * path existed at one point during the function call and then
 * suddenly vanished, probably because another process pruned the
 * directory while we were working.  To be robust against this kind of
 * race, callers might want to try invoking the function again when it
 * returns SCLD_VANISHED.
 *
 * safe_create_leading_directories() temporarily changes path while it
 * is working but restores it before returning.
 * safe_create_leading_directories_const() doesn't modify path, even
 * temporarily.
 */
enum scld_error {
        SCLD_OK = 0,
        SCLD_FAILED = -1,
        SCLD_PERMS = -2,
        SCLD_EXISTS = -3,
        SCLD_VANISHED = -4
};
enum scld_error safe_create_leading_directories(char *path);
enum scld_error safe_create_leading_directories_const(const char *path);

/*
 * Callback function for raceproof_create_file(). This function is
 * expected to do something that makes dirname(path) permanent despite
 * the fact that other processes might be cleaning up empty
 * directories at the same time. Usually it will create a file named
 * path, but alternatively it could create another file in that
 * directory, or even chdir() into that directory. The function should
 * return 0 if the action was completed successfully. On error, it
 * should return a nonzero result and set errno.
 * raceproof_create_file() treats two errno values specially:
 *
 * - ENOENT -- dirname(path) does not exist. In this case,
 *             raceproof_create_file() tries creating dirname(path)
 *             (and any parent directories, if necessary) and calls
 *             the function again.
 *
 * - EISDIR -- the file already exists and is a directory. In this
 *             case, raceproof_create_file() removes the directory if
 *             it is empty (and recursively any empty directories that
 *             it contains) and calls the function again.
 *
 * Any other errno causes raceproof_create_file() to fail with the
 * callback's return value and errno.
 *
 * Obviously, this function should be OK with being called again if it
 * fails with ENOENT or EISDIR. In other scenarios it will not be
 * called again.
 */
typedef int create_file_fn(const char *path, void *cb);

/*
 * Create a file in dirname(path) by calling fn, creating leading
 * directories if necessary. Retry a few times in case we are racing
 * with another process that is trying to clean up the directory that
 * contains path. See the documentation for create_file_fn for more
 * details.
 *
 * Return the value and set the errno that resulted from the most
 * recent call of fn. fn is always called at least once, and will be
 * called more than once if it returns ENOENT or EISDIR.
 */
int raceproof_create_file(const char *path, create_file_fn fn, void *cb);

int mkdir_in_gitdir(const char *path);
extern char *expand_user_path(const char *path, int real_home);
const char *enter_repo(const char *path, int strict);
static inline int is_absolute_path(const char *path)
{
        return is_dir_sep(path[0]) || has_dos_drive_prefix(path);
}
int is_directory(const char *);
char *strbuf_realpath(struct strbuf *resolved, const char *path,
                      int die_on_error);
const char *real_path(const char *path);
const char *real_path_if_valid(const char *path);
char *real_pathdup(const char *path, int die_on_error);
const char *absolute_path(const char *path);
char *absolute_pathdup(const char *path);
const char *remove_leading_path(const char *in, const char *prefix);
const char *relative_path(const char *in, const char *prefix, struct strbuf *sb);
int normalize_path_copy_len(char *dst, const char *src, int *prefix_len);
int normalize_path_copy(char *dst, const char *src);
int longest_ancestor_length(const char *path, struct string_list *prefixes);
char *strip_path_suffix(const char *path, const char *suffix);
int daemon_avoid_alias(const char *path);

/*
 * These functions match their is_hfs_dotgit() counterparts; see utf8.h for
 * details.
 */
int is_ntfs_dotgit(const char *name);
int is_ntfs_dotgitmodules(const char *name);
int is_ntfs_dotgitignore(const char *name);
int is_ntfs_dotgitattributes(const char *name);

/*
 * Returns true iff "str" could be confused as a command-line option when
 * passed to a sub-program like "ssh". Note that this has nothing to do with
 * shell-quoting, which should be handled separately; we're assuming here that
 * the string makes it verbatim to the sub-program.
 */
int looks_like_command_line_option(const char *str);

/**
 * Return a newly allocated string with the evaluation of
 * "$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/$filename" if $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is non-empty, otherwise
 * "$HOME/.config/git/$filename". Return NULL upon error.
 */
extern char *xdg_config_home(const char *filename);

/**
 * Return a newly allocated string with the evaluation of
 * "$XDG_CACHE_HOME/git/$filename" if $XDG_CACHE_HOME is non-empty, otherwise
 * "$HOME/.cache/git/$filename". Return NULL upon error.
 */
extern char *xdg_cache_home(const char *filename);

extern int git_open_cloexec(const char *name, int flags);
#define git_open(name) git_open_cloexec(name, O_RDONLY)
extern int unpack_sha1_header(git_zstream *stream, unsigned char *map, unsigned long mapsize, void *buffer, unsigned long bufsiz);
extern int parse_sha1_header(const char *hdr, unsigned long *sizep);

extern int check_object_signature(const struct object_id *oid, void *buf, unsigned long size, const char *type);

extern int finalize_object_file(const char *tmpfile, const char *filename);

/* Helper to check and "touch" a file */
extern int check_and_freshen_file(const char *fn, int freshen);

extern const signed char hexval_table[256];
static inline unsigned int hexval(unsigned char c)
{
        return hexval_table[c];
}

/*
 * Convert two consecutive hexadecimal digits into a char.  Return a
 * negative value on error.  Don't run over the end of short strings.
 */
static inline int hex2chr(const char *s)
{
        unsigned int val = hexval(s[0]);
        return (val & ~0xf) ? val : (val << 4) | hexval(s[1]);
}

/* Convert to/from hex/sha1 representation */
#define MINIMUM_ABBREV minimum_abbrev
#define DEFAULT_ABBREV default_abbrev

/* used when the code does not know or care what the default abbrev is */
#define FALLBACK_DEFAULT_ABBREV 7

struct object_context {
        unsigned mode;
        /*
         * symlink_path is only used by get_tree_entry_follow_symlinks,
         * and only for symlinks that point outside the repository.
         */
        struct strbuf symlink_path;
        /*
         * If GET_OID_RECORD_PATH is set, this will record path (if any)
         * found when resolving the name. The caller is responsible for
         * releasing the memory.
         */
        char *path;
};

#define GET_OID_QUIETLY           01
#define GET_OID_COMMIT            02
#define GET_OID_COMMITTISH        04
#define GET_OID_TREE             010
#define GET_OID_TREEISH          020
#define GET_OID_BLOB             040
#define GET_OID_FOLLOW_SYMLINKS 0100
#define GET_OID_RECORD_PATH     0200
#define GET_OID_ONLY_TO_DIE    04000

#define GET_OID_DISAMBIGUATORS \
        (GET_OID_COMMIT | GET_OID_COMMITTISH | \
        GET_OID_TREE | GET_OID_TREEISH | \
        GET_OID_BLOB)

extern int get_oid(const char *str, struct object_id *oid);
extern int get_oid_commit(const char *str, struct object_id *oid);
extern int get_oid_committish(const char *str, struct object_id *oid);
extern int get_oid_tree(const char *str, struct object_id *oid);
extern int get_oid_treeish(const char *str, struct object_id *oid);
extern int get_oid_blob(const char *str, struct object_id *oid);
extern void maybe_die_on_misspelt_object_name(const char *name, const char *prefix);
extern int get_oid_with_context(const char *str, unsigned flags, struct object_id *oid, struct object_context *oc);


typedef int each_abbrev_fn(const struct object_id *oid, void *);
extern int for_each_abbrev(const char *prefix, each_abbrev_fn, void *);

extern int set_disambiguate_hint_config(const char *var, const char *value);

/*
 * Try to read a SHA1 in hexadecimal format from the 40 characters
 * starting at hex.  Write the 20-byte result to sha1 in binary form.
 * Return 0 on success.  Reading stops if a NUL is encountered in the
 * input, so it is safe to pass this function an arbitrary
 * null-terminated string.
 */
extern int get_sha1_hex(const char *hex, unsigned char *sha1);
extern int get_oid_hex(const char *hex, struct object_id *sha1);

/*
 * Read `len` pairs of hexadecimal digits from `hex` and write the
 * values to `binary` as `len` bytes. Return 0 on success, or -1 if
 * the input does not consist of hex digits).
 */
extern int hex_to_bytes(unsigned char *binary, const char *hex, size_t len);

/*
 * Convert a binary sha1 to its hex equivalent. The `_r` variant is reentrant,
 * and writes the NUL-terminated output to the buffer `out`, which must be at
 * least `GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ + 1` bytes, and returns a pointer to out for
 * convenience.
 *
 * The non-`_r` variant returns a static buffer, but uses a ring of 4
 * buffers, making it safe to make multiple calls for a single statement, like:
 *
 *   printf("%s -> %s", sha1_to_hex(one), sha1_to_hex(two));
 */
extern char *sha1_to_hex_r(char *out, const unsigned char *sha1);
extern char *oid_to_hex_r(char *out, const struct object_id *oid);
extern char *sha1_to_hex(const unsigned char *sha1);    /* static buffer result! */
extern char *oid_to_hex(const struct object_id *oid);   /* same static buffer as sha1_to_hex */

/*
 * Parse a 40-character hexadecimal object ID starting from hex, updating the
 * pointer specified by end when parsing stops.  The resulting object ID is
 * stored in oid.  Returns 0 on success.  Parsing will stop on the first NUL or
 * other invalid character.  end is only updated on success; otherwise, it is
 * unmodified.
 */
extern int parse_oid_hex(const char *hex, struct object_id *oid, const char **end);

/*
 * This reads short-hand syntax that not only evaluates to a commit
 * object name, but also can act as if the end user spelled the name
 * of the branch from the command line.
 *
 * - "@{-N}" finds the name of the Nth previous branch we were on, and
 *   places the name of the branch in the given buf and returns the
 *   number of characters parsed if successful.
 *
 * - "<branch>@{upstream}" finds the name of the other ref that
 *   <branch> is configured to merge with (missing <branch> defaults
 *   to the current branch), and places the name of the branch in the
 *   given buf and returns the number of characters parsed if
 *   successful.
 *
 * If the input is not of the accepted format, it returns a negative
 * number to signal an error.
 *
 * If the input was ok but there are not N branch switches in the
 * reflog, it returns 0.
 *
 * If "allowed" is non-zero, it is a treated as a bitfield of allowable
 * expansions: local branches ("refs/heads/"), remote branches
 * ("refs/remotes/"), or "HEAD". If no "allowed" bits are set, any expansion is
 * allowed, even ones to refs outside of those namespaces.
 */
#define INTERPRET_BRANCH_LOCAL (1<<0)
#define INTERPRET_BRANCH_REMOTE (1<<1)
#define INTERPRET_BRANCH_HEAD (1<<2)
extern int interpret_branch_name(const char *str, int len, struct strbuf *,
                                 unsigned allowed);
extern int get_oid_mb(const char *str, struct object_id *oid);

extern int validate_headref(const char *ref);

extern int base_name_compare(const char *name1, int len1, int mode1, const char *name2, int len2, int mode2);
extern int df_name_compare(const char *name1, int len1, int mode1, const char *name2, int len2, int mode2);
extern int name_compare(const char *name1, size_t len1, const char *name2, size_t len2);
extern int cache_name_stage_compare(const char *name1, int len1, int stage1, const char *name2, int len2, int stage2);

extern void *read_object_with_reference(const struct object_id *oid,
                                        const char *required_type,
                                        unsigned long *size,
                                        struct object_id *oid_ret);

extern struct object *peel_to_type(const char *name, int namelen,
                                   struct object *o, enum object_type);

enum date_mode_type {
        DATE_NORMAL = 0,
        DATE_RELATIVE,
        DATE_SHORT,
        DATE_ISO8601,
        DATE_ISO8601_STRICT,
        DATE_RFC2822,
        DATE_STRFTIME,
        DATE_RAW,
        DATE_UNIX
};

struct date_mode {
        enum date_mode_type type;
        const char *strftime_fmt;
        int local;
};

/*
 * Convenience helper for passing a constant type, like:
 *
 *   show_date(t, tz, DATE_MODE(NORMAL));
 */
#define DATE_MODE(t) date_mode_from_type(DATE_##t)
struct date_mode *date_mode_from_type(enum date_mode_type type);

const char *show_date(timestamp_t time, int timezone, const struct date_mode *mode);
void show_date_relative(timestamp_t time, int tz, const struct timeval *now,
                        struct strbuf *timebuf);
int parse_date(const char *date, struct strbuf *out);
int parse_date_basic(const char *date, timestamp_t *timestamp, int *offset);
int parse_expiry_date(const char *date, timestamp_t *timestamp);
void datestamp(struct strbuf *out);
#define approxidate(s) approxidate_careful((s), NULL)
timestamp_t approxidate_careful(const char *, int *);
timestamp_t approxidate_relative(const char *date, const struct timeval *now);
void parse_date_format(const char *format, struct date_mode *mode);
int date_overflows(timestamp_t date);

#define IDENT_STRICT           1
#define IDENT_NO_DATE          2
#define IDENT_NO_NAME          4
extern const char *git_author_info(int);
extern const char *git_committer_info(int);
extern const char *fmt_ident(const char *name, const char *email, const char *date_str, int);
extern const char *fmt_name(const char *name, const char *email);
extern const char *ident_default_name(void);
extern const char *ident_default_email(void);
extern const char *git_editor(void);
extern const char *git_sequence_editor(void);
extern const char *git_pager(int stdout_is_tty);
extern int is_terminal_dumb(void);
extern int git_ident_config(const char *, const char *, void *);
extern void reset_ident_date(void);

struct ident_split {
        const char *name_begin;
        const char *name_end;
        const char *mail_begin;
        const char *mail_end;
        const char *date_begin;
        const char *date_end;
        const char *tz_begin;
        const char *tz_end;
};
/*
 * Signals an success with 0, but time part of the result may be NULL
 * if the input lacks timestamp and zone
 */
extern int split_ident_line(struct ident_split *, const char *, int);

/*
 * Like show_date, but pull the timestamp and tz parameters from
 * the ident_split. It will also sanity-check the values and produce
 * a well-known sentinel date if they appear bogus.
 */
const char *show_ident_date(const struct ident_split *id,
                            const struct date_mode *mode);

/*
 * Compare split idents for equality or strict ordering. Note that we
 * compare only the ident part of the line, ignoring any timestamp.
 *
 * Because there are two fields, we must choose one as the primary key; we
 * currently arbitrarily pick the email.
 */
extern int ident_cmp(const struct ident_split *, const struct ident_split *);

struct checkout {
        struct index_state *istate;
        const char *base_dir;
        int base_dir_len;
        struct delayed_checkout *delayed_checkout;
        unsigned force:1,
                 quiet:1,
                 not_new:1,
                 clone:1,
                 refresh_cache:1;
};
#define CHECKOUT_INIT { NULL, "" }

#define TEMPORARY_FILENAME_LENGTH 25
extern int checkout_entry(struct cache_entry *ce, const struct checkout *state, char *topath);
extern void enable_delayed_checkout(struct checkout *state);
extern int finish_delayed_checkout(struct checkout *state);

struct cache_def {
        struct strbuf path;
        int flags;
        int track_flags;
        int prefix_len_stat_func;
};
#define CACHE_DEF_INIT { STRBUF_INIT, 0, 0, 0 }
static inline void cache_def_clear(struct cache_def *cache)
{
        strbuf_release(&cache->path);
}

extern int has_symlink_leading_path(const char *name, int len);
extern int threaded_has_symlink_leading_path(struct cache_def *, const char *, int);
extern int check_leading_path(const char *name, int len);
extern int has_dirs_only_path(const char *name, int len, int prefix_len);
extern void schedule_dir_for_removal(const char *name, int len);
extern void remove_scheduled_dirs(void);

struct pack_window {
        struct pack_window *next;
        unsigned char *base;
        off_t offset;
        size_t len;
        unsigned int last_used;
        unsigned int inuse_cnt;
};

struct pack_entry {
        off_t offset;
        struct packed_git *p;
};

/*
 * Create a temporary file rooted in the object database directory, or
 * die on failure. The filename is taken from "pattern", which should have the
 * usual "XXXXXX" trailer, and the resulting filename is written into the
 * "template" buffer. Returns the open descriptor.
 */
extern int odb_mkstemp(struct strbuf *temp_filename, const char *pattern);

/*
 * Create a pack .keep file named "name" (which should generally be the output
 * of odb_pack_name). Returns a file descriptor opened for writing, or -1 on
 * error.
 */
extern int odb_pack_keep(const char *name);

/*
 * Set this to 0 to prevent sha1_object_info_extended() from fetching missing
 * blobs. This has a difference only if extensions.partialClone is set.
 *
 * Its default value is 1.
 */
extern int fetch_if_missing;

/* Dumb servers support */
extern int update_server_info(int);

extern const char *get_log_output_encoding(void);
extern const char *get_commit_output_encoding(void);

/*
 * This is a hack for test programs like test-dump-untracked-cache to
 * ensure that they do not modify the untracked cache when reading it.
 * Do not use it otherwise!
 */
extern int ignore_untracked_cache_config;

extern int committer_ident_sufficiently_given(void);
extern int author_ident_sufficiently_given(void);

extern const char *git_commit_encoding;
extern const char *git_log_output_encoding;
extern const char *git_mailmap_file;
extern const char *git_mailmap_blob;

/* IO helper functions */
extern void maybe_flush_or_die(FILE *, const char *);
__attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)))
extern void fprintf_or_die(FILE *, const char *fmt, ...);

#define COPY_READ_ERROR (-2)
#define COPY_WRITE_ERROR (-3)
extern int copy_fd(int ifd, int ofd);
extern int copy_file(const char *dst, const char *src, int mode);
extern int copy_file_with_time(const char *dst, const char *src, int mode);

extern void write_or_die(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count);
extern void fsync_or_die(int fd, const char *);

extern ssize_t read_in_full(int fd, void *buf, size_t count);
extern ssize_t write_in_full(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count);
extern ssize_t pread_in_full(int fd, void *buf, size_t count, off_t offset);

static inline ssize_t write_str_in_full(int fd, const char *str)
{
        return write_in_full(fd, str, strlen(str));
}

/**
 * Open (and truncate) the file at path, write the contents of buf to it,
 * and close it. Dies if any errors are encountered.
 */
extern void write_file_buf(const char *path, const char *buf, size_t len);

/**
 * Like write_file_buf(), but format the contents into a buffer first.
 * Additionally, write_file() will append a newline if one is not already
 * present, making it convenient to write text files:
 *
 *   write_file(path, "counter: %d", ctr);
 */
__attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)))
extern void write_file(const char *path, const char *fmt, ...);

/* pager.c */
extern void setup_pager(void);
extern int pager_in_use(void);
extern int pager_use_color;
extern int term_columns(void);
extern int decimal_width(uintmax_t);
extern int check_pager_config(const char *cmd);
extern void prepare_pager_args(struct child_process *, const char *pager);

extern const char *editor_program;
extern const char *askpass_program;
extern const char *excludes_file;

/* base85 */
int decode_85(char *dst, const char *line, int linelen);
void encode_85(char *buf, const unsigned char *data, int bytes);

/* pkt-line.c */
void packet_trace_identity(const char *prog);

/* add */
/*
 * return 0 if success, 1 - if addition of a file failed and
 * ADD_FILES_IGNORE_ERRORS was specified in flags
 */
int add_files_to_cache(const char *prefix, const struct pathspec *pathspec, int flags);

/* diff.c */
extern int diff_auto_refresh_index;

/* match-trees.c */
void shift_tree(const struct object_id *, const struct object_id *, struct object_id *, int);
void shift_tree_by(const struct object_id *, const struct object_id *, struct object_id *, const char *);

/*
 * whitespace rules.
 * used by both diff and apply
 * last two digits are tab width
 */
#define WS_BLANK_AT_EOL         0100
#define WS_SPACE_BEFORE_TAB     0200
#define WS_INDENT_WITH_NON_TAB  0400
#define WS_CR_AT_EOL           01000
#define WS_BLANK_AT_EOF        02000
#define WS_TAB_IN_INDENT       04000
#define WS_TRAILING_SPACE      (WS_BLANK_AT_EOL|WS_BLANK_AT_EOF)
#define WS_DEFAULT_RULE (WS_TRAILING_SPACE|WS_SPACE_BEFORE_TAB|8)
#define WS_TAB_WIDTH_MASK        077
/* All WS_* -- when extended, adapt diff.c emit_symbol */
#define WS_RULE_MASK           07777
extern unsigned whitespace_rule_cfg;
extern unsigned whitespace_rule(struct index_state *, const char *);
extern unsigned parse_whitespace_rule(const char *);
extern unsigned ws_check(const char *line, int len, unsigned ws_rule);
extern void ws_check_emit(const char *line, int len, unsigned ws_rule, FILE *stream, const char *set, const char *reset, const char *ws);
extern char *whitespace_error_string(unsigned ws);
extern void ws_fix_copy(struct strbuf *, const char *, int, unsigned, int *);
extern int ws_blank_line(const char *line, int len, unsigned ws_rule);
#define ws_tab_width(rule)     ((rule) & WS_TAB_WIDTH_MASK)

/* ls-files */
void overlay_tree_on_index(struct index_state *istate,
                           const char *tree_name, const char *prefix);

/* setup.c */
struct startup_info {
        int have_repository;
        const char *prefix;
};
extern struct startup_info *startup_info;

/* merge.c */
struct commit_list;
int try_merge_command(struct repository *r,
                const char *strategy, size_t xopts_nr,
                const char **xopts, struct commit_list *common,
                const char *head_arg, struct commit_list *remotes);
int checkout_fast_forward(struct repository *r,
                          const struct object_id *from,
                          const struct object_id *to,
                          int overwrite_ignore);


int sane_execvp(const char *file, char *const argv[]);

/*
 * A struct to encapsulate the concept of whether a file has changed
 * since we last checked it. This uses criteria similar to those used
 * for the index.
 */
struct stat_validity {
        struct stat_data *sd;
};

void stat_validity_clear(struct stat_validity *sv);

/*
 * Returns 1 if the path is a regular file (or a symlink to a regular
 * file) and matches the saved stat_validity, 0 otherwise.  A missing
 * or inaccessible file is considered a match if the struct was just
 * initialized, or if the previous update found an inaccessible file.
 */
int stat_validity_check(struct stat_validity *sv, const char *path);

/*
 * Update the stat_validity from a file opened at descriptor fd. If
 * the file is missing, inaccessible, or not a regular file, then
 * future calls to stat_validity_check will match iff one of those
 * conditions continues to be true.
 */
void stat_validity_update(struct stat_validity *sv, int fd);

int versioncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
void sleep_millisec(int millisec);

/*
 * Create a directory and (if share is nonzero) adjust its permissions
 * according to the shared_repository setting. Only use this for
 * directories under $GIT_DIR.  Don't use it for working tree
 * directories.
 */
void safe_create_dir(const char *dir, int share);

/*
 * Should we print an ellipsis after an abbreviated SHA-1 value
 * when doing diff-raw output or indicating a detached HEAD?
 */
extern int print_sha1_ellipsis(void);

#endif /* CACHE_H */